Notes

Answer The minimum wages for a farm labourer set by the government are 60 per day, but wages of farm labourers in Palampur are less than minimum wages because there is heavy competition for work among the farm labourers in Palampur, so people agree to work for lower wages. It has set a precedence for the country by institutionalising a partnership structure; it incentivises rural communities to protect catchment areas to meet the everincreasing urban demand for water, thereby reducing water conflicts. Subsequently, water conflicts between the urban population and communities in upstream areas in the state have been on the rise. While the state is largely dependent on streams and springs for its drinking water, many of its urban areas have become water-stressed on account of over-extraction from mountain streams. A large part of the country’s population is dependent for its livelihood on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture and forestry. In the remaining areas, farming is largely dependent on rainfall which is irregular and uncertain. The average annual rainfall in Palampur has dropped from 2,800 millimetres in 1940 to 2,100 mm in 2010. Water discharge in springs and streams has declined over the past few decades owing to climate change in the Himalayan region as well as land-use changes, such as degradation of forests and mismanagement in upstream catchment areas.
On account of changes in climatic conditions, urbanisation and increase in population, the PMC has been under great pressure to maintain both the quality and quantity of drinking water supply. Savita agreed to those tough conditions, as she knew, that getting a loan is difficult for a small farmer. The resorts in Dharamshala let you have a perfect stay which adds more fun to your trip. So, my stay was good. Long stay cottages in Palampur are furnished with high quality and natural woods. Water from the Neugal is supplied through a gravity-based system but it suffers from turbidity and bacterial contamination, leading to high filtration cost. As gravity supply from Bohal meant no pumping cost, and a consequent comparative cost advantage, and good quality water even during the monsoon meant low filtration cost in comparison with other sources of water, it was in the interest of the PMC to ensure regeneration of the Bohal source. Bagha Nala is used mostly during monsoons to avoid the heavy silt load in the Neugal, while the groundwater source has significant associated costs on account of pumping and taxes. The PMC collects its water from four main sources: Bohal spring, Neugal river, Bagha Nala and groundwater pumped at various locations in the city.

Any adverse impact on water availability threatens food security as well as causes the dieback of natural ecosystems, including species that sustain the livelihoods of rural households. This was under a government programme which was giving cheap loans to poor landless households. Palampur, , Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Dharamshala, Hotels in Palampur, palampurpanorama.com comprises 60 households in Mandai, Bohal and Odi, with a population of 273 of the nomadic Gaddi caste. Their livelihood comprises animal rearing, marginal agriculture and migrant labour. PES has been able to address the issues of forest conservation and management, livelihood generation for local communities, resource conflict between rural and urban stakeholders and climate change adaptation. Although the land on which Bohal spring emerges was bought by PMC in 1952, the catchment area falls in Bheerni forest and is managed by the local community: The three nearby villages of Bandla Panchayat, Mandai, Bohal and Odi; the PMC had to engage with the local community to revive the Bohal source. According to Ajit Bagla, ex-president of PMC, water at the Bohal source is cleaner than commercially available bottled water.

Bohal spring is the oldest and purest source of drinking water. Palampur derived its name from the local word 'Palum' which means a lot of water. The primary interest for the local community to engage with the PMC through the Palampur Water Governance Initiative (PWGI), however, was the possibility of establishing an institution that would give them the legal authority to manage and protect their forest. The forest is close to habitations and the local community uses it for grazing and fuel wood through the year, seasonally collecting fodder (leaf and grass). The Forest Department says global warming and rising temperatures have adversely affected the growth of deodar trees, not just in Palampur but also in other towns of the state such as Dharamsala, Dalhousie and Kasauli. Palampur, , Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Dharamshala, Hotels in Palampur, palampurpanorama.com like sufficient electricity, ease in transportation, health care centre and a private dispensary to help these villagers, etc. have made Palampur quite well-developed. It has one primary health centre and one private dispensary. Information gathered by The Tribune reveals that the PWD completed the construction of the bridge in 2019 but the land marked for the approach roads belongs to the Irrigation and Public Health Department and has sewer lines and tanks due to which the latter was not ready to transfer it.
Homepage: https://notes.io/K4cg