Notes

cytology study of cells/ robert hook invented the wor cell/ cell is a cubucal that has alot of components /
theodor schwan / he said everyone was made of cells
louis pastuer / that cells come from other cells
spontanues generations /// questions on exam
cell theory//// cancer is a unfunctional tissue/ no good cells
all cell theory ... study the development theory
study all shape and sizes ... key word
discoid..red blood cells...donout
speroid ...white celss
cells can grow only up to a limit in size and weight
what causes a cell to grow
basic components of a cell/// study protein/lipids phrospotate
inside the plasma/cytoplasm.. whats in it/fluid within the spaace..intracellular/insde the cell fluid
extracelullar..outside the cells...
study the basic components of a cell
the plasma membrane /membrane/boundried/ controlls materials in and out of cells
the plasma membraine/ parallel lines phospolipids.. are amputatic/membrane lipids... 98 percent /75 percent
phosprote lipids
membrane lipids... choleterol 20 percent
glycolipids/ protection 5 percentfuzzy coat on the cell membrane
memebrane...2 percent protein make up 50 percent of weight
diff proteins...integral-penetrate membraine... in and out of cell thru hydro philic and phobic
peripheral proteins... dont penetrate
protein functions... examples
receptors.. feed back loop/signals
enzymes... reaction ..may lower activation catalize reactions
chanels..open or gated no control/gated charged physical stress/crutial offnerve and muscle anything we do/
can also second messenger system...
can be cell identity markers.. what kind of cells belong and dont ...blood type...recognize itself/white fight whats not good
cams... adhere on cell to the next/ tissue from falling apart
study ... receptors/secong messenger/enzymes/chanell proteins
carriers....transfer across memebrane
pumps...carriers that consume atp
second messenger ,,, study the slide fully
study fully second messengers
first messenger... chemical...receptor protein...activates the enzyme...releases g protein../travels to another enzyme adenale cycles a andb /converts atp to cycle a p take away 2 phosphate anp...become second messenger...another enzyme cainese...kinetic energy...2 messengeramp... it can activate or inactivate...it removes enzymes...its how most of the medications in ur body work... 60 percents of drugs work thru g paroteins
(make it in your own words).. first messenger-receptor-g protein-adenylate cyclase/took away to phosphates-camp-kinases/try to mono
the glycocalyx... what it is and study the functions/glyco lipids
microvilli...extensionsof membrane..area lenght times width...increasing the surface area... dense micro border...small intestine has microvilli...stores all nutriends... large intestine...waste ...colon vitamink ...provite imunity ....**** microvilly increase surface areaso we can absorbtion
cilia... single/ found almost every cell...helps balance in inner ear and the retina hear...balance comes from our ears
non multile..antema dont move multiple cilia...cells of nose
cilio[athesis-defects in structure and function of celia
motile cilia-respiratory,uterine,ventricles
axonnene ...cilia 9 around 2 middle...
cystic fibrosis- pump is not working..surounded buy mucus/ chloride pump
thick mucus-chronic respiratory infections/live till about 30 -inadequate digestion of nutrients and absorbation of oxygen
flagella- moves like a snake...only found in sperm
pseudopods- constantly changins shape and size
membrane transport---- selectively permeable ...aloows somethings to prevent some from passing
passive mechanisms ...dont use atp- **filtration/diffusion/osmosis... 2 types od diffusin
active mechanism.... consume ... active transport
carier mediated mechanisms.. all carriers are proteins /transports across memebraine
filtrtion- particles driven thri physical pressure... larger molecules out
simple diffussion-high concentration to lower ...its salute/gas liquid or soild that disolves (anything but water)
concentration gradient-does not use atp/does not require membrane/high to low
factors that affect simple diffussion... temp temp up motion of particles/molecular wheight larger molecule moves slowerdifference rate/steepness/membrane surface area/area rate/
osmosis- water -defussion of water----universall / solute i has to pull water crutial whe on iv fluids/osmotic imbalance/diareah/constipation
edema=too much pressure in the blood vessels /to help elevste/
osmosis = osmotic pressure/ hydrostic pressure/ reverse osmosis pushing water override osmotic pressure
one osmole/ take into account whether solute ionizes in water
osmolarity/ number of osmoles per liter of solution
osmolality/number ofosm per kg of water
osmolarity and tonicity-tonicity...ability to affect a cell/***hypotonic solution...low ability to affect absorb and swell/hypertonic slotution *** causes cell to lose water and shrivel/isotonic solution equal even-causes no change in cell volume ***stays the same
carrier mediated proteins... transport proteins..carry out solutes in or outspecific-traspost proteins specific/bouncer saturation transport maximum
carrier mediated transport 3 kids... uniport one type solute/***symport carries 2 ore more sodium & glucose co transport thru the mechanism/antiport leave other come in counter transport removes na* brings k.... defussion is always passive
facillitated defussion-carrier moves solute down in concentration gradiet / does not consume atp
primarry active transport- carrier moves solute thru the memebrane atp for eenrgy
the sodium pottassioum pump very important pump ... maintains a steep NA* producess heat
study ****
secondary active transport / carrier moves solute through membrane but only uses atp indirectly