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Hydrogen bonding is strongest when the two molecules are aligned, acceptor and donor are in a straight line
This property confers very selective 3-d structures on proteins and nucleic acid molecules, very specific geometric arrangement
salts- ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base, electrically neutral, but consist of a cations and anions
water dissolves salt by hydrating and stabilizing the ions, weakening the ionic bond between them
amphipathic- a molecule containing both polar and nonpolar properties (fats, wax, membranes)
micelles- stable structures of amphipathic compounds in water: hydrophillic region are arranged to maximize interaction with solvent while hydrophobic region cluster together to present the smallest area to the aqueous solvent
hydrophobic reactions (not due to any intrinsic attraction between nonpolar moieties)- occurs because it achieves the system's greatest thermodynamic stability
nonpolar gases are poorly soluble in water- movement of molecules from disordered gas phase into aqueous solution decreases the entropy of the system
nonpolar solvents in water- hydrophobic interactions
1) breaks h-bonds with water molecules, thereby raising the enthalpy of the system, but does not create any new bonds
2) lowers the entropy (disorder) of the system by lowering the number of orientations each water molecule can form (cagelike shell)
Enzyme-substrate complex: entropy among displaced water molecules that were originally surrounding the enzyme and the substrate increase the entropy of the system; thereby pushing towards the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex
van der Waals interactions
(transient- lasting for a short time, impermanent)
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