Notes

WBDG - Whole Constructing Design Information
Lighting controls have traditionally been used to create moods. At present, they're additionally used as part of a top quality power environment friendly lighting system that integrates daylight and electric gentle sources to offer a snug and visually interesting setting for the occupants of an area. Electric lighting controls are appropriate for a wide variety of areas, from restrooms to giant open offices, from convention rooms to classrooms. They are often integrated with daylighting to supply flexibility, power savings, and ecological advantages. Although lighting learn are nonetheless most commonly used in business buildings, they're additionally more and more being used in residential purposes. Electric lighting controls are utilized in lighting design tasks to achieve a top quality vitality efficient lighting system. Specifying a layered, daylight-built-in lighting and management system offers the occupants control of the lighting while offering applicable lighting levels, minimizing glare, balancing surface brightness, and enhancing the surrounding structure. When electric lighting controls are used correctly, energy can be saved and the life of lamps and ballasts may be prolonged. There are different reasons to make use of electric lighting controls. For instance, dimming controls can present the lighting flexibility which is often required in multi-use rooms or rooms by which projectors are used. Exterior motion detectors and inside occupancy sensors can be used to turn lights on when people (together with intruders) are present. Moreover, by tuning an setting for the individual occupant's or group's visibility, comfort and productivity will be improved. The commonest form of electric lighting management is the on/off "toggle" switch. Different forms of lighting control embrace occupancy sensors, daylight sensors, clock switches, quite a lot of guide and computerized dimming units, and centralized controls. Some controls function on line-voltage energy, while others are low-voltage (DC) powered. Observe that fluorescent fixtures which can be intended to be dimmed require particular suitable dimming ballasts. Additionally, controls may be linked collectively which might perform a number of control duties. Normal on/off switches and relays can be utilized to turn teams of lights on and off collectively. Artistic design options may be developed with this easy device, if the circuiting is properly designed. For example, a number of the lamps in every fixture might be switched together, each other fixture can be switched as a group, or lighting close to the home windows will be turned off when daylight is plentiful. 3. To show the lights off inside a preset time period after the house has been vacated. Some sensors have settings that enable the specifier to pick out between the functions listed above (guide on instead of automatic on, for instance). Note that sensor characteristics may differ significantly from producer to producer, so it is very important fastidiously evaluate the options for each machine. Passive infrared sensors (PIR) are triggered by the movement of a heat-emitting body by means of their subject of view. Wall-field type PIR occupancy sensors are best suited for small, enclosed areas akin to non-public places of work, where the sensor replaces the sunshine switch on the wall and no extra wiring is required. PIR sensors cannot "see" through opaque walls, partitions, or home windows so occupants must be in direct line-of-site of the sensor. Ultrasonic sensors emit an inaudible sound pattern that is disrupted by any moving object altering the sign returning to the sensor (Doppler shift). They're finest suited to areas the place line-of-sight view to the occupant will not be all the time out there. This sort of sensor detects very minor movement better than most infrared sensors and is commonly used in restrooms because the onerous surfaces will mirror the sound sample. Dual-know-how occupancy sensors use each passive infrared and ultrasonic technologies for much less risk of false triggering (lights coming on when the house is unoccupied). Combining the applied sciences requires a extra reliable, but slightly bigger and more expensive gadget. Occupancy sensor placement is very important to the successful implementation of the management design intent. Occupancy sensors must be positioned to ensure that they won't detect motion outdoors of the desired coverage area, by way of an open doorway, for instance. Ultrasonic devices are sensitive to air movement and should not be positioned near an HVAC diffuser, where air movement might cause false tripping. Occupancy controls can be used along side dimming or daylight controls to maintain the lights from turning fully off when an area is unoccupied, or to maintain the lights off when daylight is plentiful and the room is occupied. This control scheme could also be applicable when occupancy sensors control separate teams of luminaires, or "zones", in a big space, reminiscent of in a laboratory or an open workplace space. In these conditions, the lights may be dimmed to a predetermined stage in one specific space when the area is unoccupied. Additionally, take note of the distinction between every device's sensitivity to minor movement (working at a desk) vs. The sensor producer should provide coverage diagrams for both levels of activity. HID lamps do not work well with occupancy sensors because most HID lamps take a very long time to start out each time they're switched off. NLPIP Specifier Experiences, Vol. Manual dimming gives occupants of a space an added diploma of control and satisfaction, in addition to an opportunity to save lots of power. It gives customers with the flexibleness to immediately change the traits of a space to make it a extra comfortable and productive setting. There are a number of households of guide preset dimming management. Handbook arduous-wired management consists of a dimmer, connected to a single luminaire or zone which is operated by the user on the gadget. Preset scene dimming controls change the sunshine stage settings for multiple zones simultaneously at the press of a button. Distant management dimming is another form of manual dimming that is properly suited to retrofit initiatives to minimize rewiring. Infrared and radio frequency applied sciences are most profitable in these purposes. Remote infrared management operates in an identical vogue to different infrared technologies like television, for example. Radio frequency controls are geared up with a sender that "talks" to other dimmer's receivers. This allows multi-zone control from a single-zone device. Personal management methods are now available that allow users to alter levels of lighting, sound, heating/cooling, and many others., in their own workspaces. See additionally WBDG Productive-Design for the Changing Office. Mild-level sensors or photosensors can be utilized to routinely turn lights on or off, or dim them, depending on the accessible daylight obtainable in the area. Daylight dimming can maintain the specified light degree while providing a clean, barely noticeable transition to or from electric lighting as daylight increases or decreases. NLPIP Specifier Reports, Vol. Clock switches flip lights on or off for a particular time period. They're especially helpful for turning off photocell-activated exterior lighting late at night time (so long as that lighting just isn't needed after a certain time). Centralized controls can be utilized to routinely turn on, flip off, and/or dim lighting at specific instances or beneath sure load conditions. This sort of management will be utilized in a conference room or on a building-huge scale. Centralized management methods can also combine lighting controls with other constructing programs resembling mechanical or safety systems. Distributed controls are based on digital communication protocols. These techniques are native, or integral, to the luminaire itself, not housed in a central cabinet or enclosure. They combine with constructing automation or power administration system. A Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) system provides a means of management which can communicate to an individual ballast or teams of ballasts. The "management wiring" is unbiased of the "energy wiring" and supplies the very best diploma of flexibility available right now. When space configuration or occupant needs change, the system can respond by reassigning the ballasts accordingly. There are lots of guides and services out there for designing lighting control techniques. Some controls manufacturers will really do a controls layout on the building plans and even on digital drawing files, freed from charge or for a nominal fee. If you happen to want to do the controls layout your self, it's advisable that you just present a written "sequence of management" which describes the design intent and a "efficiency specification" which describes the performance traits of individual parts. Additional, some coordination with the chosen controls producer will assist to avoid surprises throughout building and commissioning. If you understand how you'd like the controls scheme to work, however you might be unsure what gear to decide on or the way it ought to be related electrically, explain your ideas to the producer's technical support personnel. Likelihood is they are going to be in a position to help you're employed out the details. The desk beneath gives control ideas for several totally different room sorts and utilization patterns. motion sensor to help on manufacturers' internet sites are offered beneath the table. It can't be understated how vital commissioning is to the ultimate success of a lighting management system. If a lighting management system shouldn't be commissioned, it may end in larger vitality consumption than a building with none controls in any respect. Commissioning is defined as the final adjustment, calibration, and tuning of the various parts after they have been put in and the area is occupied. This process requires the participation of the constructing proprietor, a commissioning agent, the lighting designer, the electrical engineer, a manufacturer's consultant, and building maintenance personnel. Commissioning actions will differ from house to space. They will range from simply "burning in" fluorescent lamps which can be to be dimmed to configuring software to answer weekday, weekend, and holiday occupancy schedules. Commissioning is commonly thought-about impractical, too burdensome, or expensive. However, manufacturers of lighting controls are continuously improving their units to help simplify and expedite the method. When commissioning is completed, the building maintenance personnel should be provided with all relevant documentation required for the ongoing upkeep of the lighting control system. Lighting controls are value-effective, especially when one considers long-term life-cycle prices along with initial prices. 0.50-$1.00 per sq. foot initially. Payback periods differ extensively by mission and are tough, at greatest, to foretell accurately. That does not take under consideration the savings from lowered energy use and HVAC reduction. The easiest way to do an economic evaluation of lighting controls is to use an "effective vitality cost (EEC)," which is a value per kWh quantity derived by dividing all the electricity invoice (in dollars) by the overall quantity of power used during that billing interval (in kWh). Electric lighting controls will be utilized in all kinds of buildings and areas. Code of Federal Regulations, 10 C.F.R.

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