Notes

History of Kinematics by Enzo Macagno
(1st Paragraph)
+Kinematics/ kinematical studies existed before ampere and before Greek science

Ampere- Introduced study of motion(Kinematics)
Kinematics is not a branch of mathematics but Ampere made modern kinematics into science
-motion would be studied without force involved
-kinematics role is like a bridge connecting geometry and physics

+Kinematics and Geometry are somewhat similar but not (Sisters)

(2nd Paragraph)
+In an extensive bibliography of kinematics [de Groot 1970],
there is only one entry that does not relate to kinematics of machines and mechanisms, which is on kinematics of continua.
Even to other authors like Lagrange, Euler, Muybridge, Truesdell
+It is difficult to agree on what is the topic-based(thematic) of kinematics,

(3rd Paragraph)
+Kinematics is somewhere between geometry(length) and dynamics(length, mass, and time)
that is why one should be careful not to believe easily by either analysis or theoretical studies of displacements of geometric figures
because you won't understand kinematics unless you had a knowledge to physics
+Kinematics deals with motion in the most general ways possible where there are motion of matter, motion of form and other properties
+It won't be easy to describe what kinematics is with a few sentences

+In historical developments of motions that were documented, different beliefs were developed and abstracted
which we only know the products but does not know the thinking associated with it

(4th Paragraph)
+This days we are used to beliefs that technology is helpless without science but historically it was technology who came first
that is why kinematics was available before any theories were made
+Egypt and Greece had scientific approach to geometry but did not inhibit progress

+Truesdell(1977)-the study of history of science without any theories may be difficult but it is not impossible

(5th Paragraph)
Science of motion:
+Observation of natural motion and flow phenomena
+Constant invention of motion of our own body, object we handle, and devices we operate.

+Franz Reuleaux-the first to make a connection between machines, mechanisms and theoretical kinematics

(6th Paragraph)
+Poincare argument cope with Zeno's paradoxes
+The study of the geometry of deformation was still a rather young discipline
+If there are no solid bodies in nature, there would be no geometry.
Without geometry, there is no kinematics.

+Henri Poincare(1895)-difficult process for human mind to understand and properly describe motion

(7th paragraph)
+Looking back to historical developments of the studies of motion only little value were contributed in speculative way.
+Geometry only emerge when perception and understanding of fundamental common traits were made.

+It is often said that we have an advanced technology because of science, but perhaps it is the other way around,
+Once a body of science is available, more technology takes place and again a new chapter in science is added,
until recent times where the acceleration of all process completely changed the interaction.

(8th Paragraph)
+In the development of geometry, motion is always excluded in the subject,
Same as not considering force in kinematics

(9th Paragraph)
+Aristotle- a body that was actuated by two motions where the distances traveled in the same time are in constant proportion,
will move along the line of a parallelogram the length of whose sides are in constant ratio to each other.
+If the ratio of the velocities varies, the body will describe a curve.

(10th Paragraph)
+Clagett(1995)- Three fundamental views and had 9 lasting effects; Where motion was important in each of them
~1st- so-called material view of nature lead to the atomic theory of Leucippus and Democritus,
~2nd- was Mathematical (Plato and Pythagoras)
~3rd- (Aristotle) which matter and form are considered as bound in an inextricable way

(11th Paragraph)
+Dugas (1955)- motion ought exist because there is a center toward which all bodies tend to move
+If vacuum existed vacuum, no natural motion could exist /
If a body would be set in motion in vacuum it would not possibly come to rest.

(12th Paragraph)
+Aristotle did not differentiate mechanical concepts from others with more general significance
Motion and change are everywhere in the universe.
Mathematically, it is the time rate of change of any variable property that provides the common thread.

(13th Paragraph)
+Hellenistic dynamics- it failed because it didn't know how to account for the resistances to motion,
it also lacked a precise kinematics of the accelerated motion.

(14th Paragraph)
+Strato the Physicist- Some of his work was attributed to Aristotle but their views were different

(15th paragraph)
+Leonardo- revived kinematics by developing his own rudimentary transformation geometry

+Heyman Weyl(1952)
+M. Macagno(1987, 1990, 1991) - exposed/studied Leonardo's geometria che si prova col moto

(15th Paragraph)
+Leonardo's manuscript showed motion in the roles of artisan and artist, engineer and scientist
Leonardo studied the shaping of different materials that were available in his time

(16th paragraph)
+Leonardo examine the ff:
a.) How an artist can change manually the shape of the material with which he works.
b.) Deformation of figures and elements thereof much in the way that was done by scientists of the nineteenth century
c.) The path and velocities for elements of mechanisms as a mechanical engineer.

+Leonardo's kinematics of fluids

+The period dominated by Galileo and Newton
Tackled the problem of extracting from the available documentation what belongs to kinematics.
+In recent writings there are authors who did not care to separate the findings in kinematics from their treatment to wider or deeper problems.

+Truesdell (1958) define rational mechanic that- rational kinematics is a part of mathematics.
He also added that mechanics is a mathematical science
+Reuleaux- one must master analysis before engaging in synthesis

+Author(Enzo Macagno)- mechanics is a physico-mathematical science, which I believe is more in line with the first users of the terminology
-agreed wholeheartedly with Truesdell that mathematics is also a science of experience,
-The notions of analysis and synthesis in kinematics must also be studied.

+Synthesis deserves as much attention as analysis.
+Synthesis in kinematics is systematic approach to the design of a mechanism to perform a given function.
+Artistic kinematics (such as mobiles, and animations,) is much more recent, and is probably inspired by scientific and technical kinematics.

+Kinematics begin in late Medieval and early Renaissance times,
Flourishes briefly and secretly by Leonardo da Vinci,
Became an exact science with Galileo and followers,
Only gets its modern name and powerful mathematical apparatus about two centuries ago
and still continues to be researched and developed very actively in our times.