Notes

TOPIC:
TYPES OF LISTENING

 LISTENING
-the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to a spoken and/ or non-verbal message (International Reading Association)

TYPES OF LISTENING
•Appreciative Listening
•Emphatic Listening
•Comprehensive/Active Listening
•Critical/ Analytical Listening

 APPRECIATIVE LISTENING
-listening for pleasure and enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech.

 EMPHATIC LISTENING
-listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend.
-here is an attempt to understand what the other person is feeling





 COMPREHENSIVE/ACTIVE LISTENING
-Listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend’s house

 CRITICAL/ANALYTICAL LISTENING
-listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a used-car dealer or the campaign speech of a political candidate
-focuses on evaluating whether a message is logical and reasonable

Steps in Active Listening
 listening carefully by using all available senses
 paraphrasing what is heard both mentally and verbally
 checking your understanding to ensure accuracy
 providing feedback

TOPIC:
BASIC SENTNCE PATTERN

ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE
•Subject- doer of the action/ topic of the sentence
•Predicate- states something about the subject
•Direct Object- receives the action done by the subject
•Indirect Object- precedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and who is receiving the direct object

BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN
 Subject –Intransitive Verb
-An intransitive verb is a verb without a direct object.
Ex: Maria cooperated voluntarily.
(Maria is the subject.)
(Cooperated is the intransitive verb)

 Subject-Transitive Verb-Direct Object
-A transitive verb is a verb that requires both a subject and a direct object.
Ex: Mikko reads the dictionary for pleasure.





 Subject –Linking Verb –Subject Complement
-A predicate nominative or a predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject.
Ex: Whales and sharks are mammals.
 Subject –Linking Verb –Subject Complement
-A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and describes the subject.
Ex: His behavior has been outrageous.
 Subject-Transitive Verb-Direct Object-Object Complement
-An object complement is a noun, pronoun, or adjective which follows a direct object and renames it or tells what the direct object has become.
Ex: Cathy cut her hair short.
 Subject-Transitive Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object
Ex: Mom will paint Gabriel a picture.




TOPIC:
MOODS OF THE VERB

TYPES OF MOOD
 Indicative
 Imperative
 Subjunctive

What is mood?
LIFE DEFINITION
How you are feeling at a given time

LITERATURE DEFINITION
The reader’s emotional response
The atmosphere of a story

Tense, Voice, Mood
TENSE – shows time (past, present, future)
VOICE – shows who’s doing an action or having action done to them
MOOD – shows attitude (telling a fact, giving a command, expressing a wish)
Indicative Mood
Express a fact, opinion, or question

It is 84 degrees in here.
I think I am going to pass out.
Can we please turn the heat down?

Write one sentence in indicative mood.
Imperative Mood
Direct command or request

Show me the money.
Now give me the money.
Don’t call the police.

Write one sentence in IMPERATIVE mood.

Subjunctive Mood
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE:
To express a suggestion, a necessity, or an indirect command/order

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE:
To express an untrue condition, or a wish or desire.

What does the subjunctive mood look like?
Common verbs:

ask, demand, determine, insist, move, order, pray, prefer, recommend, regret, request, require, suggest, and wish.






What does the subjunctive mood look like?
Present Subjunctive:

The teacher recommended that I be in her class.
I recommend that you be on time the rest of the year.
The judge suggested that we be given first prize.

Present subjunctive cntd.
 I demand that he do the assignment.
 Her mom insisted that she not play tomorrow night.
 I insist that Michael come early.
 I strongly suggest that he cooperate with the police.

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

wish you were in my English class.
I wish Mr. McGowan weren’t so awesome.
If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.

Write one sentence in PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE, and one sentence in PAST SUBJUNCTIVE.

INDICATIVE-The indicative mood is a verb form that makes a statement or asks a question. The vast majority of verbs are in the indicative mood. The indicative mood contrasts with the imperative mood

































TOPIC:
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number.
-Singular subject = singular verb
-Plural subject = plural verb
-Cow= singular, eats= singular
-Ducks= plural, quack= plural
-*Hint*= SVS- singular verbs have an S
-Singular yes?- the verb has an “S”!
-Singular no? The “S” has to go!

2. Don’t get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb.
The detective who was called to the case is usually very good.

3. Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect the agreement.
The biker in this race is very competitive.
The bikers in this race are very competitive.

4. If a sentence starts with “there” or “ here”, the subject will always be placed after the verb.

There is a meeting today.
Here are the results from this past month.


5. Subjects can come after the verb in questions.
Does Betty always play with dolls?
How are the Bosco sticks today?

6. If two subjects are joined by “and”, they typically require a plural verb.
The puppy and the lady are friends.

7. If two subjects are separated by “and” refer to the same thing, the verb is singular.
Spaghetti and meatballs is my favorite pasta dish.

8. If both subjects are singular and connected by or, nor, neither/nor, either/or and not only/but also, the verb is singular.

Sally or Bubba has stolen the scarecrow.
Not only the guitar player but also the drummer was soaked with sweat.

9. If both subjects are plural and connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also, the verb is plural.
Cookies or brownies are nice treats for your teacher.



10. If one subject is singular and one plural and are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also, use the subject that is nearest the verb.

Either my sisters or my mom has sent me a present.
Not only Bob but also the Smiths want some hamburgers for supper.

11. Units of measurement usually use a singular verb.
Six gallons of paint was used on the house.

12. Collective nouns usually take a singular verb.
The class was ready for the test.

13. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular.
Holes was one of my favorite books.I want to see the movie.

14. Two infinitives separated by and take a plural verb.
To run and to read are my two favorite “Free-time” activities.

15. Gerunds alone take a singular verb. Gerunds linked by and take a plural verb.
Dancing is not something everyone can do as well as I can!

16. If the words each, every or no come before the subject, the verb is singular.
Each boy and girl has to take the test.

17. Most indefinite pronouns take singular verbs.
body
somebody
anybody
nobody
everybody

one
someone
anyone
No one
everyone
thing
something
anything
nothing
everything

Little One * Everybody is happy.
Another Neither * No one has a dime.
Much Either * Nothing was going to help.
Each

18. Both, few, many, others, and several take a plural verb.
Several need to finish the race.

19. When the subject is all, any, more, most, none, or some, this is the ONLY time you must look at the object of the prepositional phrase to determine whether it is singular or plural.

All of the chickens have laid eggs