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- Tempat berkumpul pemenang WW II terdiri dari 44 negara pada 1-22 Juli 1944 membahas cara berusaha membangun ekonomi dunia, menjalani trade lagi, dan tidak ada war lagi sehingga adanya STABILITY & SECURITY melalui:
1. Adanya perdagangan
2. Adanya welfare
3. Payment system
- Menciptakan regime internasional terkait ekonomi, menghasilkan agreement UN Conference Economy, 3 pillars:
1. ITO > Trade, kemudian diganti menjadi GATT (WTO
2. IBRD (World Bank) > Investment pembangunan, full or resources, pemulihan Jerman dan Jepang
3. IMF > Monetary
- 3 pillars bergerak untuk mendukung Liberalisme dan Capitalisme
- Balance of Payment (BoP) dari IMF untuk menjaga currency atau moneter dari negara:
Inflow:
1. Export > Barang yang dijual
2. Receipt profit > Kepemilikan aset di luar negeri
Outflow:
1. Import > Barang yang dibeli
2. Receipt > Foreigner yang punya aset di dalam negeri
3. Transfer > Individu
- World Bank: meminjamkan (fund) ke developing country untuk basic infrastructure development
(*) Depresiasi USD biasa dilakukan untuk menurunkan harga ekspor agar orang-orang dapat membeli dengan jumlah lebih banyak dibandingan pada saat USD masih mahal.
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GATT to WTO
1. WTO bertujuan mengeliminasi protectionist domestic agar adanya kegiatan import (free trade)
- Basic Principles:
1. Trade without discrimination
2. Predictable and growing access to market
3. Undistorted, fair competition
4. Transparency
- Benefits for Business:
1. Stable, rule-based, multilateral trading regime
2. Market opportunities
3. Rule-based system to security access, dll
- Trade Restrictions:
1. Reduction of tariff rates
2. Binding: country agree not to raise tariff in the future
3. Prevention of non-tariff barriers: quotas and export subsidies > tariffs
(*) Dumping: Ketika barang ekspor lebih murah daripada yang dijual di pasar domestik, sehingga banyak diimpor oleh negara lain. Banyaknya barang impor akan menjadi surge dan overwhelming, sehingga mengganggu pasar domestik.
(*) Anti Dumping: Upaya trade barrier (tariff, NTM) untuk merehabilitasi overwhelming impor. Namun, bisa berlebih apabila pemerintah menentukan tarif terlalu tinggi, melanggar agreement WTO, dan merugikan consumer. Impact: membatasi impor berlebih, barang impor terbatas, market prices stabil.
(*) RTA: Regional Trade Agreement
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