Notes

Revolution-major change in government or social order resulting in a new system
How enlightenment affected political revolutions
-ideas of challenging traditional lines of authority spread around the world
-ideas became conceptual basis for revolts against Europe
Haitian: uprising by slaves/oppressed, resulted in overthrowing French rule. Yellow fever ravaged French troops, resulted in the defeat of them and the French being driven out of Haiti. iHappened at the same time as the French Revolution.
Toussaint L’Ouverture- a slave, emerged as initial leader. Freed all enslaved Africans
Jean Jacques Dessalines-lieutenant, declared colony & independent country
South American:Creole lead revolts in Spanish colonies gaining independence. Happened after their king had been imprisoned by Napoleon.
Simon Bolivar-wealthy, declared independence, eventually succeeded in gaining Venezuela’s freedom
Jose de San Martin- Argentina declared independence, eventually freed Argentina and Chile. Worked with Simon Bolivar to gain independence for Spanish colonies. United Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador
Mexican Revolution: Indians and Mestizos played leading role.
Miguel Hidalgo:poor but well-educated priest, set cry of the Dolores, called for rebellion. Marched with 80000 men but was defeated by the Spanish
Jose Maria Morelos- gathered Hidalgo’s followers, led revolution but was then defeated by Agustin de Iturbide
Agustin de Iturbide-joined creoles with Indians and Mestizos declared independence from spain, declared himself emperor
Central American Revolution:Several states declared independence from Spain and Mexico after overthrowing Iturbide. Took name of united provinces of Central America.
Brazilian Revolution: Gained independence through negotiation. King John VI fled to Brazil to escape Napoleon and ran Portugal from there. Once Napoleon was defeated, King John return to Brazil. Through a petition, Brazil became independent rather than staying a colony, with Dom Pedro, John’s son, as the first ruler.
American Revolution- Resulted from taxation without representation as well as other mistreatment of Americans. Also forcing Americans to only buy from England. English boycott on English goods. The taxes resulted from England being in debt due to the Seven years War. They overtaxed the Americans in order to collect more money to make up for that. Due to lack of representation, the colonists couldn’t do anything about it. They reacted by declaring independence from England. The Declaration of Independence was used as a documental catalyst. This revolution resulted in a Federal Republic as well as a Constitutional Bill of Rights for governing purposes.
French Revolution: Caused by faulty economic tradition, famine, inflation, monarch abuse of power. Resulted in the French people revolting. Money was a huge issue. France’s debt was continuously growing. Nobles continued to live lavishly, third estate was in a state of unrest. Spending money on wars depleted resources. Unjust politics such as elites not having to pay taxes. Poor harvest, bad because France is an agriculture based economy. People were enlightened by people such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, became more aware of faults in the government. American revolution was a motivation. Resulted in the Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen. Capitalism was the new economic system. All privileged classes were abolished. Middle class became politically powerful. Social equality became powerful.
Napoleon
-overthrew the economically weak Directory and became emperor
-created bureaucracy and centralized government, modernized legal system through the civil code
-made peace with Catholic church
-made conquests resulting in spread of ideas of liberty and equality
-defeated in 1815
-new emphasis on destruction of enemies. Political impact of war increased significantly. Wars were costlier and more decisive.
-introduction of metric system, Napoleon’s rule greatly aided the adoption of the new system across all of France’s rule.
-emancipationg of jews, expanded their rights. Believed that it would attract Jews to France since they faced restrictions everywhere else.
-Napoleonic code: The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified
-Bonapartism. Refers to a broad centrist or center-right political movement that advocates the idea of aa strong and centralized state, based on populism
How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin American thoughts on independence?
It influenced the Latin American colonies by showing them that it was possible to gain independence. They also showed nationalism because in both cases they were fighting to have what was best for their countries. Influenced Latin American leaderws to stand up for their country. An example is Simon Bolivar, who eventually stood up for Latin America against Spain.
Congress of Vienna: After defeat of Napoleon, the major powers of Europe(Germany, Russia, Great Britain, and Austria) wanted to create a balance to bring peace to Europe
Wanted to prevent imperialism in Europe and maintain peace between major powers. Wanted also to prevent political revolutions, and maintain the status quo.
Nationalism and democracy influence national revolutions in Europe in the 1800s
-National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism
-the terms of the congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and German states. Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions
-made slavery illegal, expanded political rights
How did Italy and Germany compare to other nations in Europe during the revolution period
While nationalism destroyed empires, it also built up nations. Italy formed from territory of crumbling empires. Fewer and fewer Italians were content to live under foreign rulers.
Like Italy, Germany achieved national unity mid-1800sGerman states formed a loose grouping called German confederation.
Both empires/countries were formed as surrounding empires collapsed

Thomas Jefferson-principle author of the declaration of independence, spokesman for democracy, embraced principles of republicanism
George Washington- leaded of continental army during revolutionary war
King George-king during revolutionary war
Louis XVI-attempted to reform france in accordance with enlightenment. Tried to increase tolerance toward people such as puritans. Supported colonists
Robespierre-French lawyer/politician, one of most influential figures of French revolution. Opposed death penalty, advocated abolition of slavery, didn’t want dechristianisation of France
Napoleon Bonaparte- French leader who rose during French revolution. Won majority of battles
Klemens von Metternich- Austrian /diplomat, credited for diplomatic system that kept Europe at peace during that century. Involved Austria in struggle against Napoleon, defeated.
Otto von Bismarck- conservative Prussian, dominated German and European affairs, engineered a series of wars that unified german states into a powerful german empire under Prussian control
Count Cavour- An Italian statesman/leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. Founded original liberal party in which he held throughout the second Italian war of independence. Took office of prime minister
Giuseppe Garibaldi- Italian, commanded/fought in campaigns that led to formation of a unified Italy. Conquered Southern Italy.



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