Notes

Arabic Old Instruments
The qanun is an ancient Arabic instrument that evolved from the ancient Egyptian harp. It has been an integral part of Arabic music since the 10th century and is named for its lawful purpose. The word qanun also exists in English as "canon." It was introduced to Europe by the 12th century, and has been known as the dulcimer, psaltery, and zither. It is made of a flat trapezoid board with 81 strings stretched out in groups of three.
Bendir

The Bendir, also known as the erbani, is a wood-framed drum. Similar to a tambourine, the Bendir has no jangles, but is incredibly versatile. Different hand movements and techniques create a wide variety of sounds. Learn more about this instrument here. Listed below are some examples of songs a Bendir might play. The Bendir is played by two people, one on each side, and is used in traditional Sufi music.
Albogon

The Albogon is an ancient Arab stringed instrument with a resemblance to the Arabic al-booq. It is an ancestor of the saxophone and was perfected by the Andalusian Sultan Al-Hakim II. Later, the Albogon was borrowed by Christians. Throughout its history, the Albogon has been an important part of the music of many ancient civilizations, particularly those of the Mediterranean region and the Middle East.
Exabeba

The Exabeba is a stringed instrument that is related to the African xylophone and dates back to the Middle Ages. It has a range of three octaves and is played with a plectrum. The Arabic name for this instrument is at-tab. Its use in military music is not uncommon. Western armies adopted the instrument during the Crusades.
Atambal

The atabal is an Arabic Old instrument that is played with two light hammers striking the strings. This instrument has its origins in ancient Babylonia and was later adopted by Western armies during the Crusades. Through contact with the Arabs, the entire drum family was brought to Western Europe. In the 12th century, the Arabians began using drumsticks with a maqam (hand) inscribed on them.
Riqq

The Riqq is a traditional instrument that was used in Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, and Libya. It is made of a wooden frame with jingles and a translucent head made from goat or fish skin. Modern riqs can be made of aluminium and decorated with mosaics and mother of pearl. The Riq has a diameter of about twenty-five centimeters. Oud instrument for sale The instrument's head has five pairs of slits and ten pairs of small cymbals. It was originally made of duff, but the name riqq was given to it in the 19th century.
Tabl baladi

The tabl baladi, also known as the oud, is an instrument indigenous to the Middle East. The instrument has a pear-shaped body and short neck, with 11 strings, usually in groups of six. The musician plucks the strings with a plectrum, which changes the pitch of each string by pressing it against the neck. Its deep, resonant sound is often associated with classical Arabic music.
Oud

The Oud is an ancient Arabic instrument that originated in the Middle East. This instrument's unique history spans the Middle East and even Europe. The instrument was first played by a seated musician in the Qasr Amra, a manuscript dating back to the Umayyad dynasty. Its development paved the way for more modern instruments. Oud music can be found throughout the Arabic world, and there are even modern-day versions of the instrument.
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