Notes

How did Roundup Ready and Roundup develop?
What is Roundup Ready, and what are the Roundup Ready crops? Roundup Ready is a trademark that refers to a type of genetically engineered crop seeds which are resistant to Roundup. The crops are referred to as Roundup Ready.

Roundup, then, was it actually invented?
John Franz (Monsanto Chemist) first discovered Glyphosate as an herbicide within Roundup. Pre-emergent herbicides were used in the ag sector in the ag sector at the time. They were applied prior to the crop or weeds appeared. The remarkable post-emergent efficacy of glyphosate to control large amounts of broadleaf grass weeds was astonishing. This, coupled with its remarkable environmental properties (soil degradation and rapid degradation, etc.) as well as toxicological properties (extremely toxic to mammals (and beneficial organisms) which made it an outstanding product.

When was Roundup introduced?
Roundup(r) was first introduced in 1974 as a broad-spectrum insecticide it quickly became a major worldwide agricultural chemical. It was initially used in ditches, on railroads and sprayed on fields between the growing seasons. It allowed ranchers and farmers to control grass and broadleaf plants that had sprung up from the soil.

The next step was Roundup Ready GMOs.
Monsanto scientists in awe of the remarkable advances in recombinant technology in the 1970s, recognized the numerous benefits to farmers if Roundup was directly applied to crops to control the weeds. Ernie Jaworski led a small team that included Steve Rogers, Rob Horsch and me to work on this problem. In the early 1980s, this team had developed the first methods that allowed the introduction of specific genes into plants and our focus was on the development of virus-resistant as well as insect-resistant and Roundup-tolerant crops.

It was found out that Roundup could block the biochemical pathway in plants that produce aromatic amino acids. (Both animals and humans aren't equipped with this pathway, which is why Roundup's superior level of mammalian safety). Furthermore it quickly decomposed in the soil by microorganisms. Our research had identified both microbial and plant genetics that conferred greater herbicide resistance. Roundup Ready plants were first tested in the field by the USDA in 1987. This was a genetically altered crop of tomato plants that were resistant to Roundup. After a few years the bacteria that would become the gene that would become the Roundup Ready trait was discovered, isolated and introduced into crops.

Let's consider soybeans as an example. We will answer the questions: What exactly are Roundup Ready soybeans? How are Roundup ready soybeans made. Roundup Ready Soybeans are a genetically engineered type of soybeans with its DNA modified to protect them from Roundup, an herbicide. These soybeans are resistant to Roundup because every soybean seed has been injected with the Roundup-ready gene prior to its planting. This permits farmers to spray their field with herbicides and not destroy their plants.

Roundup Ready crop introductions in 1996 have had a profound impact on agriculture as well as agriculture science. Farmers quickly recognized the benefits of Roundup resistance and adoption was swift (today more than 90% of the U.S. soybean cotton, corn, and canola fields use biotech-based traits that allow herbicide resistance). Roundup Ready crops have been able to reduce and enhance the weed control systems. They also resulted in higher crop yields. ラウンドアップ increased use of conservation-tillage has had a significant impact on the environment. Farmers can reduce their carbon footprint and energy use by decreasing plowing. However, this preserves soil structure and decreases erosion. In 2013 this was equivalent to removing 28 billion kg of CO2 from the air or equivalent to removing 12.4 million vehicles off the road for one year (Source: PG Economics).
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