Notes

Genetically modified crops pass advantages to the weeds

Wild plants could be resistant to herbicides.

Weedy rice may absorb transgenes derived from genetically modified crop rice by cross-pollinating. Credit: Xiao Yang
It has been established that a genetic modification technique is extensively used to make crops resistant to herbicides, gives advantages to a weedy variety of rice. This indicates that these modifications may affect the environment beyond farms.

There are ラウンドアップ of plants have been genetically altered to be resistive to glyphosate. Roundup was the first herbicide to be marketed. https://www.yodobashi.com/product/100000001002109951/ allows farmers to eradicate herbicides from their fields, without causing harm to their crops.

Glyphosate inhibits plant growth by blocking an enzyme known as EPSP synthase. This enzyme is involved in the creation of specific amino acids and other molecules that comprise about 35% of a plant's mass. The genetic-modification method, used in Roundup Ready crops by Monsanto (based in St Louis in Missouri) involves inserting genetic material into the crop to increase EPSP synthase production. https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%97%A5%E7%94%A3%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6-%E9%99%A4%E8%8D%89%E5%89%A4-%E5%8E%9F%E6%B6%B2%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97-%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89-500%EF%BD%8D%EF%BD%8C/dp/B001GH6XVQ are usually derived from bacteria that infects the crops.

The addition of EPSP synase allows for the plant to resist the harmful effects of glyphosate. Biotechnology labs also have tried to utilize plants' genes instead of bacteria to boost EPSP-synthase production and, in turn, to take advantage of a loophole in US law that allows approval by regulators of organisms that have transgenes not made from bacterial pests.

There aren't many studies that have examined whether transgenes such glyphosate-resistant genes can -- once introduced to wild or weedy plants through cross-pollination increase the competitiveness of these plants in survival, reproduction and growth. Norman Ellstrand is a University of California Riverside plant geneticist. "The assumption is that any transgene can cause disadvantage in the wild, in the absence of selective pressure due to the fact that it reduces fitness," Ellstrand said.

Lu Baorong (an ecologist at Fudan University, Shanghai) has now questioned that opinion. It has shown that resistance to glyphosate provides a significant fitness boost to a weedy rice crop called Oryza sativa even when not used.

Lu and his coworkers modified the cultivars of rice to produce more EPSP synthase. They also crossed the modified rice with a weedy related. Their findings were published in NewPhytologist 1.

The group then permitted the offspring from cross-breeding to cross-breed with each other to produce second-generation hybrids. They were genetically identical except for the amount of EPSP synthase genes they had. As expected, those with more copies expressed greater amounts of the enzyme and produced more of the amino acid tryptophan than their unmodified counterparts.

Researchers also found that plants with transgenic genes were more photosynthesis-intensive and produced more flowers and produced 48-125% fewer seeds per plant than non-transgenic hybrids. This was in spite of the fact that glyphosate was never present.

Lu believes that making weedy invading rice more competitive might hinder farmers to recoup the damage caused by this pest.

Brian Ford-Lloyd of the University of Birmingham, UK Brian Ford-Lloyd, a researcher at the University of Birmingham in the "If the EPSP synthase gene is introduced to wild rice varieties the genetic diversity of their species, which was really important in conserving it, could be threatened because it would beat out the conventional varieties." " ラウンドアップ is one of the most clear instances of the extremely damaging consequences of GM crops] on the environment."

The study also challenges the popular belief that crops modified genetically that carry extra copies of their own genes are more secure than those that contain genes from microorganisms. Lu says that the study "shows that this isn't always the case".

According to ラウンドアップ 畑に使える suggests that future regulation of genetically engineered crops should be reviewed. "Some individuals are claiming that biosafety regulations can be relaxed because we have a high level of comfort with the two years of genetic engineering" says Ellstrand. ラウンドアップ found that any new products need to be carefully evaluated.


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