Notes

Patterns in the periodic table
- groups and families are up to down, periods are left to right
- special families are noble gases, halogens, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, metalloids, rare earth metals.
- reactivity trends are the farthest to the left have the highest reactivity, because it has fewer valence electrons to get rid of.

Theory of the atom
- evolution of the theory started with

Explaining the periodic table
- atomic # is the small number at the top left beside the symbol of the element
- atomic mass is the larger number located under the element symbol
- #of neutrons is equal to atomic mass - atomic number
- isotopes are the same element that has the same atomic number (place on the periodic table) but has different atomic mass numbers, due to the difference in the number of neutrons
- atomic notation is the element symbol with the mass placed on the top left and the atomic number placed on the bottom left
- Bohr-rutherford diagrams the nucleus and all orbits with the total amount of electrons
- Mendeleev organization of the periodic table/he arranged the elements in order of increasing relative atomic mass, and with that he noticed other trends going on through the table.

Molecules
- chemical equations is an equation in which the formulas of the compounds are written as though all substances exist as molecules
- what do they tell us what chemicals are needed to rest together to form another chemical.

Ions
- forming ions is where atoms give or receive electrons to become satisfied and have a full outer orbit.
-charges/alkali metals have +1 charge because they want to get rid of one electron to be satisfied, which makes them have one less of a negative. however, halogens on the other side of the periodic table have a -1 charge because they want to receive an electron to become satisfied.
- noble gases are stable and don't need electrons from anyone.
- lewis dot diagrams are without all the orbits, and it's just the outermost electrons in the orbits of the atoms.

How atoms combine
- alloys are mixtures of metals/elements, ionic compounds are metals and non-metals bonded together through chemical reactions and molecular compounds are bonds made up of two non-metals.
- transferring/sharing electrons (crisis cross method)
- using diagrams to illustrate/easy

Testing Unknown gases
- how can you identify these gases
- CO2 H2 O2 /by their element symbol, each new element starts with capital so by looking at the first one I know there are two different elements because they both start with capitals.

Matter + Particle theory
- what is the matter? /matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
- 5 parts of particle theory /they are constantly moving, the higher the temp the faster they move, all matter is made up of particles, particles have space between them, they are attracted to each other.
- states of matter /solids, liquids, gases

Classification of Matter
- Pure substances are made up of only one type of particle
- Mixtures are made up of two or more types of particles
- Alloys are mixtures of metals, and they are also homogeneous, which means the different particles are not noticeable.

Physical properties and changes
- quantitative is the number qualities (temp., amount, etc.) and qualitative are the observations (colour, size, texture, etc.)
-physical changes are like changes in size, state of matter, the shape of matter. causes: melting, freezing, bending, cutting, dissolving, boiling.
- physical properties are lustre, malleability, ductility, clarity, density, melting and freezing points, boiling point, conductivity, hardness, brittleness,

Chemical properties and changes
- what are chemical properties? observed and measured as sample changes chemical identity/ examples: acidity, reactivity, flammability, toxicity, combustibility, ability, chem st
- what are chem changes? when a new substance is formed examples: rotting, rusting, combustion
- 5 signs of chemical change

Characteristic Physical Properties
- density /is a substances mas per unit volume.
- freezing, melting, boiling points /the point at which a substance, vaporizes, liquifies or solidifies (changes state of matter, depending on the temperature.)
- unusual behaviour of water is that water has the highest surface tension for all liquids?

The periodic table
- what is an element
- symbols
- what is a compound
- metals, non-metals, metalloids characteristics