Notes

History of Educational Technology
There is not any written evidence which could tell us accurately who has coined the phrase educational technology. Different educationists, scientists and philosophers at different period intervals have place forwarded different explanations of Educational Technological innovation. Educational technology is definitely a multifaceted and even integrated process involving people, procedure, suggestions, devices, and organization, where technology through different fields associated with science is obtained as per the need and requirement of education with regard to implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions in order to those problems involved throughout all facets of individual learning.

Educational technologies, broadly speaking, has passed through five periods.

The first level of educational technologies is coupled with the use associated with aids like chart, maps, symbols, versions, specimens and tangible materials. The term educational technology has been used as alternatives to audio-visual supports.

The second stage of educational technological innovation is associated with the 'electronic revolution' with the intro and establishment of sophisticated hardware plus software. Use involving various audio-visual assists like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio stations and television delivered new change within the educational situation. Accordingly, educational technology concept was consumed terms of these types of sophisticated instruments and even equipments for powerful presentation of training materials.

The next stage of educative technology is associated with the development of mass media which usually in turn guided to 'communication revolution' for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) used for education and learning since 1950s likewise became popular during this era.

Typically the fourth stage involving educational technology is usually discernible by the particular individualized process regarding instruction. Introduced of programmed learning and programmed instruction provided a new dimension to educational technology. A system associated with self-learning based upon self-instructional materials and teaching machines come about.

The latest notion of educational technology is usually influenced by typically the concept of system executive or system strategy which focuses upon language laboratories, instructing machines, programmed coaching, multimedia technologies and even the use of the computer throughout instruction. In accordance with it, educational technology is usually a systematic means of designing, carrying away and evaluating typically the total process of training and learning throughout terms of particular objectives based upon research.

Educational technological innovation during the Caveman days, the Bronze Time, and the Iron Age
Educational technologies, despite the uncertainty of the origin associated with the term, can be traced back in order to the time of the particular three-age system periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.

Duringthe Stone Age, ignition of fire by chaffing stones, manufacture associated with various handmade tool and utensils by stones and clothes practice were some of the simple technological innovations of utmost significance. A fraction associated with Stone Age individuals developed ocean-worthy outrigger canoe ship technologies to migrate from one place to an additional across the Ocean, by simply which they formulated their first casual education expertise regarding the ocean currents, weather conditions, going practice, astronavigation, and star maps. During the later Stone Age period (Neolithic period), for gardening practice, polished rock tools were made from your variety of hard rocks mainly by digging undercover tunnels, that can be regarded as the 1st stages in mining technologies. The polished axes were so effective that even following appearance of dureté and iron; people used it for clearing forest plus the establishment of plant farming.

Although Stone Age cultures left little written records, but archaeological evidences turned out their shift through nomadic life to agricultural settlement. Ancient tools conserved in several museums, cave works of art like Altamira Cave in Spain, in addition to other prehistoric skill, such as typically the Venus of Willendorf, Mother Goddess coming from Laussel, France and so on. are a few of the evidences in favour of their ethnicities.

Neolithic Revolution of Stone Age resulted into the appearance associated with Bronze Age along with development of culture, animal domestication, along with the adoption of everlasting settlements. For these practices Bronze Era people further produced metal smelting, with copper and afterwards bronze, an metal of tin in addition to copper, being the particular materials of their choice.

The Iron Age people replaced fermeté and developed the knowledge of straightener smelting technology to lessen the cost regarding living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian ethnicities, the Iron Grow older was the last period before typically the development of composed scripts.

Educational technologies during the period of time of Ancient cultures
According to Robert Saettler, 2004, Informative technology can become traced back in the time when tribal priests systematized physiques of knowledge plus ancient cultures created pictographs or indication writing to report and transmit details. In every stage regarding human civilization, single can find a great instructional technique or set of treatments intended to implement a new particular culture which in turn were also maintained number of brought on and evidences. Typically the more advanced typically the culture, the more sophisticated became the technology of instruction designed to reflect certain ways of specific and social conduct meant to run an educated society. Above centuries, each considerable shift in educational values, goals or perhaps objectives generated various technologies of teaching.

The greatest advancements in technology plus engineering came along with the rise associated with the ancient cultures. These advances triggered and educated other societies in the world to adopt new techniques of living and even governance.

The Extrêmes Valley Civilization was an earlier Bronze Time civilization which has been located in the northwestern region from the Indian Subcontinent. The civilization was primarily flourished around the Indus River container from the Indus and even the Punjab area, extending upto the Ghaggar-Hakra River vly and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most of the part is underneath today's Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India along with some part involving the civilization advancing upto southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran).

There is a long name controversy to turn out to be sure about typically the language that typically the Harappan people talked. It is presumed that their creating just visited least seems to be or even a pictographic script. The script appears in order to have had about 4 hundred basic signs, using lots of versions. People write their particular script with the direction generally coming from directly to left. The majority of of the posting was found in seals and sealings that were probably employed in trade and official & administrative work.

Harappan individuals had the knowledge associated with the measuring resources of length, mass, and time. We were holding the first inside the world to formulate a system regarding uniform weights and even measures.

In a new study completed by P. N. Rao ainsi que al. in 2009, printed in Science, personal computer scientists found of which the Indus script's pattern is nearer to that of spoken words, which reinforced the proposed speculation which it codes for an as-yet-unknown language.

According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the leading techno-offerings from Cina include paper, earlier seismological detectors, bathroom paper, matches, metal plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the particular suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as gasoline, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast heater, the propeller, typically the crossbow, the Southern Pointing Chariot, plus gun powder. Together with the invent involving paper they have got provided their very first step to developments of academic technology by additional culturing different hand made products of paper as method of visible aids.

Ancient Egyptian language just visited a single point among the longest surviving and employed languages on earth. Their very own script was made up of pictures with the real things like birds, animals, diverse tools, etc. These kinds of pictures are typically called hieroglyph. Their own language was made up of previously mentioned 500 hieroglyphs that are known as hieroglyphics. For the stone monuments or tombs which in turn were discovered and even rescued latter upon provides the proof of existence of numerous varieties of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt.

Educational technology in the course of Medieval and Contemporary Period of time
Paper and the pulp papermaking process which has been produced in China in the course of the early 2nd century AD, seemed to be carried to the Middle East plus was spread in order to Mediterranean by the particular Muslim conquests. Evidences support that the document mill seemed to be recognized in Sicily inside the 12th centuries. The discovery involving spinning wheel increased the productivity involving thread making method largely and any time Lynn White included the spinning wheel with increasing offer of rags, this particular led to the production of affordable paper, which has been a prime factor throughout the development regarding printing technology.

Typically the invention with the stamping press was obtained place in about 1450 AD, by Johannes Gutenburg, a new German inventor. Introduced of printing hit was a primary developmental factor throughout the history of educational technology to share the instruction in accordance with the need of the particular complex and advanced-technology cultured society.

Inside the pre-industrial phases, while industry was basically simply the handwork at artisan level, the instructional procedures were relied intensely upon simple items like the record, the horn publication, the blackboard, and even chalk. It absolutely was minimal to a single text book along with a few designs. Educational technology was considered synonymous to be able to simple aids such as charts and photographs.

12 months 1873 might be considered a landmark within the earlier history of technology of education or perhaps audio-visual education. An exhibition was placed in Vienna in international level throughout which an American school won the appreciation of the educators for the exhibit of maps, chart, textbooks and various other equipments.


Maria Montessori (1870-1952), internationally well-known child educator and even the originator involving Montessori Method applied a dynamic effect on educational technology through her development of graded materials developed to give the particular proper sequencing involving subject matter for each individual learner. Modern educational technology suggests many file format of Montessori's thought of prepared kid centered environment.

In1833, Charles Babbage's style of a general goal computing device set the foundation of typically the modern computer and in 1943, the very first computing machine according to hi design was constructed by Intercontinental Business Machines Organization in USA. The pc Assisted instruction (CAI) in which the particular computer functions essentially as a guitar tutor as well since the Talking Sort writer was produced by O. Nited kingdom. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, personal computers are interestingly employed in education in schools, universites and colleges.

Inside of the beginning regarding the 19th hundred years, there were remarkable changes in typically the field of schooling. British Broadcasting Organization (BBC), right from the start of faculty shows in 1920 acquired maintained rapid speed in making audio contribution to formal education. In the particular USA, by 1952, 20 states acquired the provision for educational broadcasting. Seite an seite to this period about 98% of the schools in British isles were equipped with radios and there were regular daily shows.

Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist involving Ohio state university or college developed a self-teaching machine called 'Drum Tutor' in 1920. Professor Skinner, however, in his famous post 'Science of Mastering and art involving Teaching' published inside 1945 pleaded regarding the application of the ability derived from behavioral psychology to be able to classroom procedures plus suggested automated instructing devices as indicates of doing and so.

However the first practical use of Regular tv set broadcasts was within Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Video games in Berlin have been broadcasted through television set stations in Duessseldorf, Open circuit television began to be used mainly for broadcasting shows for entertainment in 1950. Since 60, television is used for educational reasons.

In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technological ways for the very first time. It is definitely to be cared that in 1960, as an outcome of industrial wave in America in addition to Russia, other nations around the world also started advancing in the submitted of educational technology. This way, the commencing of educational technology took place inside 1960 from The united states and Russia plus now it includes attained England, Europe in addition to India.

During around 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attraction to educations when there was the steep deficit of educators in America and therefore an urgent will need of educational technologies was felt. Doctor Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his link, Doctor Alexander T. Stoddard introduced size production technology in America.

Team training had its beginning in America inside the mid of 50s and was first of all made its debut in the yr 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internships plan.

In the year 1956, Benjamin Bloom coming from USA introduced typically the taxonomy of informative objectives through the publication, "The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain".

In 1961, Small teaching technique was initially adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford University in UNITED STATES.

Electronics is typically the main technology being developed in the beginning associated with 21st century. Broadband Internet access became popular and occupied practically all the key workplaces and educational locations and even inside of common places found in developed countries using the advantage regarding connecting home computers with music your local library and mobile cell phones.

Today's classroom is more likely in order to be a technology lab, a place with rows associated with students using internet connected or Wi-Fi enabled laptops, palmtops, notepad, or perhaps college students are attending a video conferencing or even virtual classroom or perhaps may have recently been listening to the podcast or taking in a video lecture. Rapid technological modifications in the subject of educational are creating new ways to be able to teach and learn. Technological changes likewise motivated the teachers to access many different information on some sort of global scale by means of the Internet, to enhance their training as well while to get them to proficient professional in their region of concern. From the same moment, students can employ vast resources associated with the Internet to be able to enrich their studying experience to cope plan changing trend with the society. At this point a days learners as well professors are attending training seminars, conferences, workshops with national and world level by making use of the multimedia techno-resources like PowerPoint as well as they pursue a number of important courses of their choice inside of distance mode through online learning ways. Online learning facility has opened assets amount of doors involving opportunities for modern-day learner to create their life more comfortable than ever just before.


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