Notes

History of Educational Technology
There is not any written evidence which will tell us accurately who has coined the phrase educational technology. Different educationists, scientists and philosophers at different time intervals have set forwarded different explanations of Educational Technological innovation. Educational technology is definitely a multifaceted and even integrated process regarding people, procedure, concepts, devices, and organization, where technology by different fields regarding science is lent as per the need and need of education with regard to implementing, evaluating, plus managing solutions to be able to those problems involved inside all areas of individual learning.

Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through five phases.

The first level of educational technologies is coupled using the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, designs, specimens and concrete floor materials. The name educational technology has been used as word alternatives to audio-visual assists.

The second period of educational technological innovation is associated along with the 'electronic revolution' with the introduction and establishment regarding sophisticated hardware and even software. Use associated with various audio-visual helps like projector, miraculous lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and television produced new change throughout the educational scenario. Accordingly, educational technological innovation concept was consumed terms of these types of sophisticated instruments in addition to equipments for effective presentation of training materials.

The 3rd stage of informative technology is linked with the advancement of advertising which in turn led to 'communication revolution' for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) used for training since 1950s furthermore became popular during this era.

Typically the fourth stage involving educational technology is usually discernible by typically the individualized process regarding instruction. Introduced associated with programmed learning and even programmed instruction presented a new dimensions to educational technological innovation. A system regarding self-learning based on self-instructional materials plus teaching machines come about.

The latest concept of educational technology will be influenced by the notion of system engineering or system approach which focuses upon language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed teaching, multimedia technologies plus the use of the computer in instruction. According to it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and about and evaluating typically the total means of training and learning in terms of particular objectives based upon research.

Educational technologies during the Stone Age, the Bronze Time, and the Metal Grow older
Educational technologies, regardless of the uncertainty associated with the origin of the term, could be traced back to the time of the particular three-age system periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Fermeté Age, and the particular Iron Age.

Duringthe Caveman days, ignition of fire by massaging stones, manufacture associated with various handmade tool and utensils by stones and garments practice were a few of the simple technological advancements of utmost value. A fraction involving Stone Age men and women developed ocean-worthy outrigger canoe ship technological innovation to migrate from a single place to one more over the Ocean, by simply which they developed their first simple education of knowledge regarding the ocean power, weather conditions, going practice, astronavigation, plus star maps. In the course of the later Stone Age period (Neolithic period), for gardening practice, polished jewel tools were manufactured coming from a variety associated with hard rocks largely by digging subway tunnels, which may be regarded as as the very first steps in mining technology. The polished responsable were so successful that even after appearance of fermeté and iron; folks used it regarding clearing forest plus the establishment of plant farming.

Although Caveman days cultures left no more written records, yet archaeological evidences proven their shift from nomadic life to agricultural settlement. Historic tools conserved in several museums, cave art like Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric artwork, such as the particular Venus of Willendorf, Mother Goddess by Laussel, France etc. are a few of the evidences in favour of their nationalities.

Neolithic Revolution associated with Caveman days resulted straight into the appearance regarding Bronze Age together with development of cultivation, animal domestication, and the adoption of everlasting settlements. For these practices Bronze Age group people further developed metal smelting, using copper and later on bronze, an combination of tin in addition to copper, being the materials of their selection.

The Iron Time people replaced dureté and developed the particular knowledge of straightener smelting technology to reduce the cost of living since iron bars utensils were tougher and cheaper as compared to bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Grow older was the previous period before the development of composed scripts.

Educational technologies during the period of Ancient cultures
According to Robert Saettler, 2004, Academic technology can end up being traced to the time when tribe priests systematized systems of knowledge and even ancient cultures conceived pictographs or indication writing to record and transmit data. In every stage regarding human civilization, single can find a great instructional technique or perhaps set of processes designed to implement a particular culture which often were also supported by number of brought on and evidences. Typically the more advanced the culture, the more complicated became the technological innovation of instruction designed to reflect specific ways of individual and social actions designed to run a great educated society. Over centuries, each considerable shift in educational values, goals or even objectives led to different technologies of coaching.

The greatest advancements in technology and even engineering came together with the rise associated with the ancient cultures. These advances activated and educated some other societies on the planet to be able to adopt new ways of living and governance.

The Extrêmes Valley Civilization has been an early Bronze Time civilization which has been located in the northwestern region with the Indian Subcontinent. Typically the civilization was mostly flourished around typically the Indus River basin in the Indus in addition to the Punjab location, extending upto typically the Ghaggar-Hakra River vly and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most from the part is below today's Pakistan plus the western states involving modern-day India in addition to some part regarding the civilization extending upto southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran).

There is usually a long name controversy to get sure about the language that typically the Harappan people talked. It is believed that their composing i visited least looks to be or perhaps a pictographic script. Typically the script appears in order to experienced about 4 hundred basic signs, using lots of different versions. People write their very own script with the particular direction generally from directly to left. Many of the composing was found upon seals and sealings which are probably applied in trade and even official & administrative work.

Harappan people had the ability associated with the measuring equipment of length, bulk, and time. These were the first in the world to formulate a system involving uniform weights in addition to measures.

In a new study completed by P. N. Rao ou al. last season, posted in Science, pc scientists found of which the Indus script's pattern is closer to that of voiced words, which recognized the proposed hypothesis that it codes regarding an as-yet-unknown terminology.

According to the Chinese Civilization, many of the leading techno-offerings from Cina include paper, early seismological detectors, potty paper, matches, metal plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the particular suspension bridge, typically the wheelbarrow, the parachute, gas as gas, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief chart, the blast air conditioner, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, plus gun powder. Together with the invent involving paper they have offered their very first step toward developments of informative technology by further culturing different hand made products of papers as method of image aids.

Ancient Egyptian language i visited 1 point one of the greatest surviving and applied languages on the planet. Their particular script was performed upward of pictures in the real things just like birds, animals, different tools, etc. These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their very own language was made up of previously mentioned 500 hieroglyphs that are known as hieroglyphics. Within the stone typical monuments or tombs which usually were discovered and rescued latter about provides the evidence of existence of numerous varieties of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt.

Educational technology throughout Medieval and Modern day Period
Paper and even the pulp papermaking process that was developed in China in the course of the early next century AD, has been carried to the particular Middle East and was spread in order to Mediterranean by typically the Muslim conquests. Evidences support that a report mill seemed to be recognized in Sicily found in the 12th millennium. The discovery involving spinning wheel increased the productivity of thread making method to a great extent and if Lynn White extra the spinning steering wheel with increasing source of rags, this specific led to the particular production of cheap paper, which was basically a first-rate factor within the development regarding printing technology.

The particular invention with the stamping press was taken place in around 1450 AD, by simply Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. The invention of printing hit was an excellent developmental factor inside the history of educational technology to convey the instruction as per the need of the particular complex and advanced-technology cultured society.

Found in the pre-industrial stages, while industry was simply the handwork at artisan amount, the instructional techniques were relied greatly upon simple items like the record, the horn publication, the blackboard, in addition to chalk. It had been constrained to an individual text book together with a few drawings. Educational technology was considered synonymous in order to simple aids just like charts and images.

The entire year 1873 might be considered a new landmark inside the early on history of technologies of education or audio-visual education. A great exhibition was held in Vienna in international level throughout which an American institution won the love of the tutors for the event of maps, chart, textbooks and various other equipments.

Maria Montessori (1870-1952), internationally distinguished child educator in addition to the originator associated with Montessori Method exerted a dynamic impact on educational technology by means of her development of graded materials designed to give typically the proper sequencing involving subject matter intended for each individual spanish student. Modern educational technologies suggests many file format of Montessori's thought of prepared little one centered environment.

In1833, Charles Babbage's type of a general goal computing device laid the building blocks of the particular modern computer plus in 1943, the first computing machine according to hi design was initially constructed by Intercontinental Business Machines Corporation in USA. The Computer Assisted instruction (CAI) in which typically the computer functions basically as a guitar tutor as well as the Talking Variety writer was created by O. E. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, pcs are interestingly applied in education throughout schools, universites and colleges.

Inside the beginning associated with the 19th hundred years, there were popular changes in typically the field of schooling. British Broadcasting Organization (BBC), from its start of faculty messages in 1920 acquired maintained rapid speed in making noise contribution to formal education. In the USA, by 1952, 20 states experienced the provision intended for educational broadcasting. Similar to this period about 98% in the schools in Uk were equipped with radios and there have been regular daily programs.

Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist regarding Ohio state university or college developed a self-teaching machine called 'Drum Tutor' in 1920. Professor Skinner, however, in his famous article 'Science of Mastering and art involving Teaching' published inside 1945 pleaded regarding the application associated with the knowledge derived through behavioral psychology in order to classroom procedures and suggested automated instructing devices as signifies of doing so.

Even though the first practical usage of Regular tv broadcasts was in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Video games in Berlin have been broadcasted through television set stations in Bremen, Open circuit television began to be used mostly for broadcasting programmes for entertainment inside 1950. Since 60, television is utilized for educational reasons.

In 1950, Brynmor, in England, utilized educational technological actions for the very first time. It is to be cared that in 60, as an effect of industrial trend in America plus Russia, other places also started progressing in the recorded of educational technological innovation. In this manner, the commencing of educational technology took place in 1960 from America and Russia plus now it offers achieved England, Europe plus India.

During around 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attraction to educations when there were a new steep shortage of instructors in America and so an urgent need of educational technologies was felt. Dr . Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his correlate, Doctor Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass production technology throughout America.

Team teaching had its source in America within the mid of 50s and was first of all were only available in the year 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internship plan.


Back in 1956, Benjamin Bloom through USA introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives through the publication, "The Taxonomy of Educational Goals, The Classification regarding Educational Goals, Guide I: Cognitive Domain".

In 1961, Small teaching technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen fantastic co-workers at Stanford University in US.

Electronics is the main technology staying developed initially involving 21st century. Broadband Internet access became well-known and occupied practically all the top office buildings and educational places and even found in common places in developed countries using the advantage of connecting home computers with music libraries and mobile telephones.

Today's classroom is usually more likely to be able to be a technology lab, a place with rows associated with students using internet connected or Wifi enabled laptops, palmtops, notepad, or maybe college students are attending the video conferencing or perhaps virtual classroom or perhaps may have already been listening to some sort of podcast or taking in a video chalk talk. Rapid technological modifications in the line of business of educational have formulated new ways in order to teach and to find out. Technological changes likewise motivated the educators to access a variety of information on a new global scale through the Internet, in order to enhance their classes as well as to make sure they are qualified professional within their place of concern. In the same moment, students can employ vast resources of the Internet to be able to enrich their learning experience to deal up with changing trend with the society. Now a days learners as well instructors are attending seminars, conferences, workshops at national and cosmopolitan level by using the multimedia techno-resources like PowerPoint and in many cases they pursue many different important courses associated with their choice inside distance mode by way of online learning techniques. Online learning service has opened infinite quantity of doors of opportunities for modern-day learner to help to make their life more comfortable than ever ahead of.


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