Notes

Separation: Froth flotation is when a crushed mixture is mixed with water and special chemicals and stirred. Bubbles of air are blown into the bottom of the
container and the copper ore is carried to the surface by the bubbles. The gangue sinks to the bottom of the tank and the copper ore is skimmed off the top of the liquid. Gravity separation is when the mixtures of crushed rock and gold are mixed with water. Since gold is heaver than rock the gold sinks to the bottom and the rock is on the top. packs of whole blood is spun in a centrifuge , separating the plasma from the red blood cells. Milk is separated from cream by centrifuge.
Classification: Science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy. Non'living (never alive), living or dead(once a live.) Characteristics needed to live: move, requires air, needs water, needs nutrition, responds to change, produce waste, grows older, reproduce. Dichotomous key classifies organisms. Field guides help identify organisms. Vertebrates have backbones, invertebrates don't. 5 percent animals are vertebrates. External skeletons are called exoskeletons. They are good for jumping and swimming but do not allow flexibility. Endoskeleton is an inside skeleton. Some animals dont have a skeleton. Animals having a constant body temp are endothermic/warm blooded. cold blooded or ectothermic don't have constant body temp. Mammals have skin with hair or fur. Females have mammary glands and constant body temp. Examples: Wallaby,possum, echidna, dog, human. Birds(Aves) have feathers, egss with hard shell, beak, constant body temperature. Examples: kookaburra, emu, penguin, cockatoo, parrot. Fish with cartlaginous skeleton are found in water, skeleton made of cartilage, visible pharyngeal slits, skin with scales, gills, lay eggs, changing body temp. Example: shark, stingray. Reptiles have scales, lungs, changing body temp. Example snake, lizard. Amphibia have eggs without shell, soft without scales, changing body temp.Examples: frog. Fish with a bony skeleton found in water, skeleton made of bone, covered pharyngeal slits, scales, gills, fins, changing body temp. Examples: goldfish, bream. Jawless fish found in water, no fins, gills. Examples: lamprey. Mammals:Placental are well developed when born. Attached to mother via placenta. Examples horse, mice. After born mother produces milk. Marsupials give birth when young in early stage of development. Babies carried in pouch. 2 thirds live in aus. Example kangaroo, koala. Monotremes only found in Aus. Early branch of primitive mammals. Lay leathery shelled eggs. Young feed on milk. Example platypus. Invertebrates: Platyhelminths have flat body, head'like region' mouth opening examples tapeworm, fluke. Arthropods found in land and water, segmented bodies, exoskeleton, jointed and paired legs, examples tick, ant, spider. Poriferans water, spongy body, food and water enter through holes examples bath sponge. Annelids found in water, segmented worms, round examples leech. Cnidarians live in sea, soft body, one opening, live single or in colonies, tentacles examples jelly fish, hydra. Nematodes worm like body, mouth and anus, found in water examples threadworm. Echinoderms found in sea spiny skin, tube feet, mouth and anus example sea cucumber, sea urchin. Molluscs found in water, soft body, mouth and anus, muscular foot examples snail, slug, octopus. Gymnosperm(conifers) found on land, true roots, no flowers, example pine tree, cedar. Angiosperms(flowering plants) found on land, common, produce flowers, true roots. Examples fruit trees, cereal crops. Bryophytes(mosses and liverworts) found in damp places, root-like structure, simple leaves, several cms long. Examples mosses. Pteridophytes(ferns) found in moist areas, no flowers, proper roots and stems. Examples maidenhair fern, tree fern. Algae live in water, unicellular, no true roots, stems, no special tissue for transporting water, make food using photosynthesis. Examples: euglena, sea lettuce. Fungi no true roots, stems, leaves, usually multicellular, no chloropyhll, obtain food from dead organisms. Examples : yeasts, moulds. Lichens found on rocks, trees, no true roots, stems,leaves,grow slowly, fungus provides protection.
Cells: Robert Hooke created first microscope. Light and electron microscopes. Monocular one eye. Stereo two eyed microscope. Light microscope has limited visible detail but are prepared quickly. Electron have high magnification but only dead section can be viewed. 5 kingdoms are Animalia, plantae, fungi, protista (leftovers) and monera (bacteria.) Nucleus is control center containing chromosome containing info. Prokaryotes have a nucleus with a membrane. Eukaryotes have a membrane around nucleus. Prokaryotes were first organisms to appear on Earth. animalia: multicellular, nucleus with membrane, no cell wall, no vacuole, no chloroplasts. Fungi usually multicellular, nucleus with membrane, cell wall, no vacuole, no chloroplasts, Plantae: most multicellular, nucleus with membrane, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts. Monera: unicellular, no membrane, cell wall, no vacuole, chloroplasts in some, Protista: unicellular, membrane, cell wall in some, large vacuole in some, chloroplasts in some.
Cell membrane controls what goes in and out of cell. Materials enter and exit through pores. Cytoplasm has chemical reactions, transfer energy, stores food and makes new substances. this activity is called metabolism. The cell wall provides protection, support and shape to the cell. Organelles are found inside the cytoplasm of eukaryotes. These include mitochondria which supplies energy, chloroplasts which is required for photosynthesis. Vacuole contains watery fluid. It stores water and dissolved substances.
Unicellular does all jobs by itself. It reproduces by cell division. Multicellular are filled with cells which do different jobs. Reproduction, growth and repair involve cell division. Micrometre is 1 millionth of a metre. Plant cells contain cell wall, cell membrane, vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts. Viruses are non- living. Viruses reproduce by invading a cell. They don't have a membrane or cytoplasm. They have a protein box containing nucleic acid. When inside a cell virus's act as if they are alive. Some viruses are smallpox, ebola, polio and chickenpox.