Notes

Filósofo, Ghiraldelli, aula de filosofia, curso de filosofia, Paulo Ghiraldelli, canal do Filósofo, intelectual, filósofo brasileiro, pragmatismo,
China has not significantly surpassed the United States in scientific production, warns my friend Hélio Schwartzman in Folha (01/01/2022), correcting an article that appeared in the press during those days. But, he says, that Chinese science has been developing robustly, this is true. He doubts that Chinese science can grow without freedom, however, so as not to be taken by surprise, he puts a caveat: "dictatorships can reinvent themselves".

If we trust Marx's notion of General Intelect, exposed in the Grundrisse, it is difficult to believe in the phrase “dictatorships can reinvent themselves”, in the context of Hélio's article. If this notion of Marx is redescribed in terms of Christian Marazzi, even less so.

Marx used the expression General Intelect, significantly written in English, to speak of a knowledge diffused in society, capable of containing science and technology incorporated in fixed capital (especially in machinery). The so-called operaistas or post-operaistas, in particular the Swiss economist Marazzi, prefer to use the term as diffuse knowledge that feeds the production and circulation of goods, and which is in the body of workers, now operating more and more in networks. In this case, General Intelect falls within the scope of variable capital. It is a question of knowledge (and affections) that has significantly expanded since the universalization of public schools in several Western countries, and started to work with the potential of the Internet.


In the current work regime, in which the factory has lost workers due to machinization, and the city has become a large factory that has been digitalized – as another operator, Toni Negri observes –, we all work in communication, generating the General Intelect of a amplified and enhanced mode. aula de filosofia is the so-called unpaid work, which gives rise to “social added value”, as knowledge in the network is appropriated by private monopolies that return it to us in the form of products made on the basis of technology. By the way, it is because of this that there is, among various political currents, the idea that it is fair, possible and necessary for everyone to have a salary, regardless of whether they are formally employed or even self-employed. After all, leisure and working hours are now merged.

This way of working requires freedom. Without it, capitalism ceases to function. Wanting to control pragmatismo so that political aspects are isolated from scientific aspects is an idea of a naive positivism. It may even be in the minds of Chinese leaders, educated in a certain effectively positivist Marxism that, in the end, was not far from being adopted by Marx. This, at a certain time, came to imagine that certain knowledge could be put into school, while others, more ideological, should be removed. This thesis of the possibility of separating knowledge does not hold. Even filósofo brasileiro in the case of this knowledge being responsible for the development of a country.

Filósofo is not necessary to fight it theoretically, just practice science a little and we soon see its impossibility. There are social and political knowledges that are inherent to knowledge in other sciences, apparently more distant from this field. Paulo Ghiraldelli is that, when it comes to paradigm shifts, consciously assumed, all sciences are involved in political and social decisions. At that time, the entire form of organization of society is, in some way, questioned.

If the Chinese think they can evolve scientifically without freedom, without some form of democracy, they will make General Intelect useless. They will have a stupid capitalism, as happened, by the way, with the USSR, which generated a stupid socialism.

Paulo Ghiraldelli , 64, philosopher. Author among others of The Brazilian Republic: from Deodoro to Bolsonaro (CEFA Editorial, 2021).

Picture below: The Chinese Great Wall

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