Notes

The Chemistry of Life

chemistry is:
the study of composition and properties of matter and the energy transformations that accompany changes in the basic structure of matter


Matter is:
anything that occupies space and has mass
3 states composed of elements
-cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions
large amounts of these five elements are essential to life: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitragyne and calcium

Atom
-is a smallest unit of a pn element
-composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons

isotopes:
atoms having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

ionic bond
-a bond resulting from the aTtraction between oppositely charged ions

ion
- an atom wih a unequal number of protons and electrons

covalent bond


matter

compound is a substance made up of two or more elements
-expressed by molecular and structural formulas.

molecule is a smallest unit of compound that's still in its natural state

hydrogen bond is a weak intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom of another molecule
- gives water some of its unique properties


molecular formula expresses the number and type of atoms

a chemical change takes place when atoms of a substance bond with different atoms or compounds.

chemical change takes place in definite proportions
forms enemy compounds or releases elements
involves energy


physical change is the process of altering the state of the substance, appearance, or it's combination with other substances.
-alters the state or the appearance of a substance
- doesn't involve chemical bonding

mixture is combining two substances without chemical bonding




energy is the ability to do world
potential energy: stored energy
kinetic energy : motion
kinetic molecular energy: ALL the molecules in matter are moving

1st law of thermodynamics
energy is neither created nor destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics
whenever energy is used, some of it is wasted



entropy is the increase in randomness and loss of useable energy



0 kelvin- temperature at which when all matter stops moving


endothermic =within
absorbs heat

expthermic= outside of
releases heat



activation energy is the energy needed to start a chemical reaction


catalyst affects the rate if reaction but is not consumed in the reaction
lowers the activation energy necessary for the reaction


enzymes are organic catalysts



solution is a homogenous mixture of one or more substances in another substance
homo=same

solute means dissolved
solvent= dissolver

concentration= ratio of the solute to the solvent




suspension is the state of a substance when it's particles are mixed but are not dissolved
*particles settle out.

colloid is a mixture of fine particles that don't settle out quickly
*gel phase-semisolid
*sol phase-fluid


diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
*driven by kinetic molecular energy
*concentration gradient- the difference between the numbers of one type of molecule in two adjacent areas
*diffusion pressure


osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane


organic compounds:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

biosynthesis is the putting together of substances by living things

functions of organic compounds:
structural
enzymatic
storage


carbohydrates:
monosaccharides
single sugar
glucose
disaccharides
double sugar
sucrose