Notes

remember that Catabolic pathways involve the cell breaking down

Cannibalizing, its own molecules.

Anabolic pathways build complex molecules from simpler ones and typically need an input of energy.

An open system can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings. The stovetop example would be an open system, because heat and water vapor can be lost to the air.

A closed system, on the other hand, can exchange only energy with its surroundings, not matter. If we put a very tightly fitting lid on the pot from the previous example, it would approximate a closed system.

An isolated system is one that cannot exchange either matter or energy with its surroundings.

A perfect isolated system is hard to come by, but an insulated drink cooler with a lid is conceptually similar to a true isolated system. The items inside can exchange energy with each other, which is why the drinks get cold and the ice melts a little, but they exchange very little energy (heat) with the outside environment.

ight bulbs transform electrical energy into light energy (radiant energy).

One pool ball hits another, transferring kinetic energy and making the second ball move.

Plants convert the energy of sunlight (radiant energy) into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.

I am transforming chemical energy from your last snack into kinetic energy as you walk, breathe, and move your finger to scroll up and down this page.

Delta G = Delta H - T * Delta S
Delta H - is the enthalpy change
Temperature (T) - determines the relative impacts of the Delta S and Delta H
Delta S - is the entropy change of the system during the reaction terms on the overall free energy change of the reaction

They may use energy to import reactant molecules (keeping them at a high concentration).

They may use energy to export product molecules (keeping them at a low concentration).

They may organize chemical reactions into metabolic pathways, in which one reaction "feeds" the next.

energy+ADP+Pi <=> ATP+H2​O

A higher temperature generally makes for higher rates of reaction, enzyme-catalyzed or otherwise.

However, either increasing or decreasing the temperature outside of a tolerable range can affect chemical bonds in the active site, making them less well-suited to bind substrates.

pH can also affect enzyme function

Active site amino acid residues often have acidic or basic properties that are important for catalysis. Changes in pH can affect these residues and make it hard for substrates to bind. Enzymes work best within a certain pH range, and, as with temperature