Notes

*Characteristics of L.o:
-excretion: the release of wastes from metabolic rxn. such as; toxic materials, excess substances, and CO2 from respiration
-reproduction: able to reproduce and create more organisms of their kind
-growth: organisms grow, leading to permanent inc. in size. Can be measured through dry mass, cell size, or no. of cells
-movement: the ability to move parts of themselves. (plants move their leaves to capture sunlight)
-sensitivity: detect any change in external or internal environments and respond to the changes
-Respiration: chemical rxn occurring in cells, which leads to the breakdown of nutrient molecules to release energy for metabolism
-Nutrition: taking in materials for development. these materials are used in chemical rxns to produce energy for growth and repair of cells. plants need ions, water, and carbon dioxide, whereas animals require ions, compounds, and water.

*Features of living organisms
All l.o. have:
-cytoplasm: jelly-like substance/ where rxn occur/ contains organelles (ribosomes/nucleus)
-cell membrane: a partially permeable membrane/ thin wall surrounding the cell/ controls what get in and out
-DNA: genetic material found in nucleus/ makes up chromosomes/ codes for proteins
-Enzymes: catalyzes (speeds up rate of rxn) rxns of respiration in cells

The plant kingdom:
-multicellular
-cell wall made up of cellulose
-chloroplast containing green coloured pigment (chlorophyll)
-contain vacuoles
-Make their own food by photosynthesis.
MONOCOT DICOT
leaf shape Long and narrow broad
leaves veins parallel branching
cotyledons 1 2
groups of flowering parts threes fives

The animal kingdom:
-multicellular
-no vacuoles, chloroplasts, and cell wall

Functions of eukaryotic cell structures:
Cell membrane: partially-permeable membrane/ thin wall surrounding cell/ control what goes in and out of cell
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance/ chemical rxn occur there/ contain organelles (nucleus/ribosomes)
Ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum): RER surrounds the nucleus and ribosomes are attached to it. ribosomes are used for protein synthesis
Nucleus: site containing DNA as a genetic material that codes for proteins.
Mitochondria: site of respiration, provides the cell with energy to function
vesicles: these provide transportation for materials in the cell.
IN ADDITION, PLANTS HAVE:
-vacuole: fluid-filled sac that contains; amino acids, sugars, mineral salts, a pigment that colors cell, and waste substances. they attract pollinating insects.
-chloroplast: photosynthesis site, allows the plant to convert light energy to glucose
-cell wall: gives structure to cell/prevents bursting/partially-permeable membrane/controls what goes in and out of cell