Notes

gunpowder was used much for land based empires
maritime- related to the sea
technology caused growth of european trading
europeans had difficult time establishing own trade thats not owned by muslims
europeans wanted to see if there was another way to asia going westward
they didn't have the technology at the time, so they used knowledge from greeks, asians, muslims, and arabs
Europeans got astrolabe, magnetic compass, and lanteen sails.
portugsees created caravel which helped greatly in sailing, mixed lanteen sails and square seals
dutch created a new ship called the fluyt which were exclusively for trade with more goods and small crews. much cheaper than other ships.
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state sponsored maritime exploration from 1450-1750
reason for sponsorship was because gold, god, glory
gold- europe dominated by mercantilism who measured wealth in terms of gold, more trading pasts, more gold
god- europeans were large christains and wanted to convert people
glory- competition between other european countries
examples of state sponsored exploration are the portguse who had good geography with portugal, created trading post empire which was claiming small lands around coasts and creat e a complete monopoly and charging all the ships passing
spain also state sponsored exploration, set up significant trading post and sent columbus to find new asian trade route and led to discovery to aztencs and incas where he found much gold encouraging expansion
english state sponsored new trade and got land in america
french got canada and used their resources for exploitation
dutch found hudson river
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columbian exchange was disastorous for native americans but very wealthy for europeans
it is transfer of things from east to west, west to east
native americans didnt have immunities to diseases such as smallpox
created large scale death as 50% native population died
more europeans, more diseases
animals and plants came from east to west, west to east
europeans introduced pigs cow wheat and grapes to america along with horses which changed lives of native americans
america gave cacao, maize, potato to europe getting massive population growth.
europeans could get rich by using large scale agriculture.
Portugese got slaves from other countries like africa when enslaved natives fleed
columbian exchange went to africa and population growth happened in africa due to more food
deforestation happened cause of european colonists
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portugsese made trading post empires on africa and traded guns with africans for slaves. african states grew wealthy from trading with europeans and slave
christianity spread to kingdom of congo
Japanese were originally tolerant with europeans and then decided to get rid of them
british gained much influence in india
british east india co had little territory but were able to use india during a tense time for it.
treaty of tordesillas where portuguese east of brazil spanish got west of brazil
portugese made militray might to make trade more for themselves in indian ocean
coerced labor- doing stuff against your will
spain did hacienda system spanish nobles given land in america who could do whatever they want with it and could hire native workers
encomienda system was system of labor which gave responsibilty over number of natives who needed to give tribute in form of labor and spanish gave them christianity/education
mita system from incas compelled men for labor like mining
chattel slavery is where people owned other people as property. atlantic slave trade
europeans used africans because they were more favorable. more men than women were taken as slaves. so african men practitced polygyny or marrying many wives.
not enough native workers and native knew more about land than colonists and escaped
british tried using indentured servitude where slaves could actually go free after a set of years.
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dominant economic system was mercantilism in europe
mercantilism- wealth measured in god and silver, favored balance of trade. colonies exist to serve the mother country.
Joint stock companies was way of expansion where companies
british east india and dutch east india company
commercial revolution traded for gold and silver
china got silver by trading luxury goods
triangular trade was massive system of trade that
manufactured good europe to africa, slaves from africa to europe, goods made back to europe
monopoly used by spanish
cultural change due to expansion was kingdom of congo that took many men from africa leaving women husbandless
europeans not tolerant towards native cultures and pushed christain beliefs. two responses, synctretism and conflict
sunni shia divide
protestant reformation split christain followers
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portugal expanded empire into africa and got some resistance like queen ana and got agreement where portugese ceased slave trade and helped protect her but they still took land from her. s
serfs were peasants who were owned by nobles and worked on their land. Land sold, serfs sold.
Mughal rulers were Muslims while majority of india were hindu.
pueblo revolt, indians tired of christain converters and killed many colonizers and burned their churches
resistance from slaved people came to britains in america with the stono rebellion of 1739 where slsaves killed the white workers and killed white people through towns and chanted liberty, liberty. got ass whacked by britains even harder after slaves lost.
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major effects of seatime expansion was changing of social hiearchy.
ottoman had warrior social where warriors held the power, jews were expelled from homeland and found ottoman land and were more free in the empire. Women didn't have much power but sons were push forward.
Qing dynasty were manchurian and not chinese so they kept civil service examination and confucianism. Han chinese were most of population.
Royalty were high and nobility were conflicting aginast royalty in europe.
Russia got social hierachy of boyars who were head, then merchants, the peasents.
In america, hiearchy based on race which was casta system. Peninsulares born on europe peninsula on top, criollos (europeans born in americas), castas (of mixed ancestry), then mestizos, mulattoes, zambos and bottom indigenous.