Notes

Play-Doh (similar to "dough") is a modeling compound used by young children for arts and crafts projects at home. It is composed of flour, water, salt, borax, and mineral oil. The product was first manufactured in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, as a wallpaper cleaner in the 1930s.[1] The product was reworked and marketed to Cincinnati schools in the mid-1950s. Play-Doh was demonstrated at an educational convention in 1956 and prominent department stores opened retail accounts.[2] Advertisements promoting Play-Doh on influential children's television shows in 1957 furthered the product's sales.[1] Since its launch on the toy market in the mid-1950s, Play-Doh has generated a considerable amount of ancillary merchandise such as The Fun Factory.[3] In 2003, the Toy Industry Association named Play-Doh in its "Century of Toys List".


Contents
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 Launch
1.3 Subsequent developments
1.4 Mascots
2 Ingredients
3 Related merchandise
4 Cultural impact
5 Film
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History
Origin

Objects made out of Play-Doh.
The non-toxic, non-staining, reusable modeling compound that came to be known as "Play-Doh" was a pliable, putty-like substance concocted by Noah McVicker of Cincinnati-based soap manufacturer Kutol Products. It was devised at the request of Kroger Grocery, which wanted a product that could clean coal residue from wallpaper.[4] Following World War II, with the transition from coal-based home heating to natural gas and the resulting decrease in internal soot, and the introduction of washable vinyl-based wallpaper, the market for wallpaper cleaning putty decreased substantially. McVicker's nephew, Joe McVicker, joined Kutol with the remit to save the company from bankruptcy. Joe McVicker was the brother-in-law of nursery school teacher Kay Zufall, who had seen a newspaper article about making art projects with the wallpaper cleaning putty.[5] Her students enjoyed it, and she persuaded Noah McVicker (who also sold the putty) and Joe McVicker to manufacture it as a child’s toy.[5] Zufall and her husband came up with the name Play-Doh; Joe McVicker and his uncle Noah had wanted to call it "Rainbow Modeling Compound".[5]

Launch
Joe McVicker took Play-Doh to an educational convention for manufacturers of school supplies,[1] and Woodward & Lothrop, a department store in Washington, DC began selling the compound.[6] In 1956, the McVickers formed the Rainbow Crafts Company to make and sell Play-Doh.[7] Also in 1956, a three-pack of 7-ounce cans was added to the product line, and, after in-store demonstrations, Macy's of New York and Marshall Field's of Chicago opened retail accounts. In 1957, chemist Dr. Tien Liu reduced Play-Doh's salt content (thus allowing models to dry without losing their color), and Play-Doh ads were telecast on Captain Kangaroo, Ding Dong School, and Romper Room. In 1958, Play-Doh's sales reached nearly $3 million.[1]

Subsequent developments
In 1964, Play-Doh was exported to Britain, France, and Italy.[1] In the 1980s, its cardboard can (with a rust-prone metal bottom) was replaced with a more cost effective plastic container.[8] By 1965, Rainbow Crafts was issued a patent for Play-Doh.[9] Also in 1965, General Mills purchased Rainbow Crafts and all rights to Play-Doh for $3 million, placing the compound with its Kenner Products subsidiary.[1][6] In 1971, Rainbow Crafts and Kenner Products merged, and, in 1987, the Tonka Corporation bought the two. In 1991, Hasbro became Play-Doh's owner, and continues to manufacture the product today through its preschool division.[1] In 1996, gold and silver were added to Play-Doh's palette to celebrate its 40th anniversary.


Doh-Dohs at International Toy Fair Nürnberg 2016
Mascots
Play-Doh packaging was briefly illustrated with children in the mid-1950s, but replaced by the Play-Doh pixie, an elf mascot which, in 1960, was superseded by Play-Doh Pete, a smock and beret-wearing cartoonish boy.[1] By 2002, Play-Doh Pete's beret had been replaced with a baseball cap.[1] Since 2011, living Play-Doh cans named the Doh-Dohs have been seen in advertisements.

Ingredients
Play-Doh's current manufacturer, Hasbro, reveals the compound is primarily a mixture of water, salt, and flour,[2] while its 2004 United States patent indicates it is composed of water, a starch-based binder, a retrogradation inhibitor, salt, lubricant, surfactant, preservative, hardener, humectant, fragrance, and color.[10] A petroleum additive gives the compound a smooth feel, and borax prevents mold from developing.[3] Play-Doh contains some wheat and may cause allergic reactions in people who are allergic to wheat gluten. It is not intended to be eaten.[11]

Related merchandise

Play-Doh Fun Factory
In 1960, the Play-Doh Fun Factory (a toy press that extrudes the compound in various shapes) was invented by Bob Boggild and Bill Dale.[1] The Play-Doh Fuzzy Pumper Barber & Beauty Shop of 1977[12] and Mop Top Hair Shop of 1986[13] featured a figurine whose extruded "hair" could be styled. In 1995 an educational software CD-ROM game, Play-Doh Creations was released. In 2003, the Play-Doh Creativity Table was sold. Play-Doh related merchandise introduced during the 2007 anniversary year included the Play-Doh Birthday Bucket, the Play-Doh Fifty Colors Pack, the Fuzzy Pumper Crazy Cuts (a reworking of the 1977 Fuzzy Pumper Barber & Beauty Shop), and the Play-Doh Creativity Center.[3] In 2012, "Play-Doh Plus" was introduced. It is lighter, more pliable, and softer than regular Play-Doh.

Cultural impact
More than two billion cans of Play-Doh were sold between 1955 and 2005,[1] and, in 2005, Play-Doh was being sold in 75 countries at 95 million cans a year.[1] In the United States, more than 6,000 stores carry Play-Doh.[14]

To mark Play-Doh's fiftieth anniversary, Demeter Fragrance Library created a limited-edition fragrance inspired by Play-Doh's distinctive odor for "highly-creative people, who seek a whimsical scent reminiscent of their childhood."[2]

Play-Doh was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York, in 1998.

In 2003, the Toy Industry Association placed Play-Doh into its "Century of Toys List", a roll call of the 100 most memorable and most creative toys of the twentieth century.

In late 2014, the company offered to replace the "Play-Doh Cake Mountain" playset's extruder tool, for free, after receiving complaints about the tool's "phallic shape".[15]

Film
On April 2, 2015, 20th Century Fox announced to work on a movie with Hasbro Studio along with the subsidiary company Allspark Pictures and Chernin Entertainment producing, Jason Micallef writing, and Paul Feig directing from his production company Feigco.[16]

See also
icon Toys portal
Milliput
Plastilina
Plasticine
Sculpey
Play-Doh (sculpture) by Jeff Koons
References
Walsh, Tim (2005). "Play-doh". Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 115–120. ISBN 978-0-7407-5571-2.
Wilson, Tracy V. "How Play-Doh Modeling Compound Works". How Stuff Works. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
Sobey, Edwin J.C.; Woody Sobey (2008). The Way Toys Work: The Science Behind the Magic 8 Ball, Etch A Sketch, Boomerang, and More. Chicago Review Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-55652-745-6.
"Accidental Brands", from Under the Influence, by Terry O'Reilly, on CBC.ca; first broadcast March 17, 2012
Greg Hatala (January 28, 2014). "Made in Jersey: Play-Doh is a Dover teacher's handiwork". NJ.com, The Star-Ledger. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
"Rainbow Crafts Company, Inc". Ohio History Central. July 28, 2006. Retrieved October 30, 2008.
Phil Ament. "Play-Doh History – Invention of Play-Doh". Ideafinder.com. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
"The 50 Year History of Play-Doh". 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
Noah W. McVicker and Joseph S. McVicker, "Plastic modeling composition of a soft, pliable working consistency," U.S. patent no. 3,167,440 (filed: May 17, 1960; issued: January 26, 1965).
"Google Patents". Retrieved July 28, 2014.
"FAQ". Play-Doh. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
D Heine (March 25, 2013), 1977 Play-Doh Fuzzy Pumper Barber and Beauty Shop TV commercial, retrieved March 2, 2019
Jason Harder (September 25, 2010), 1986 Kenner Play-Doh Mop Top Hair Shop commercial., retrieved March 2, 2019
HowStuffWorks "How Play-Doh Modeling Compound Works"
Respers France, Lisa. "Play-Doh will exchange phallic-shaped toy - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
Fleming, Jr, Mike (April 2, 2015). "Fox Molding 'Play-Doh' Film With Paul Feig Circling; Another Hasbro Toy Brand Making Movie Transfer". Deadline.
External links