Notes

Mendelian genetics
the three principles that Mendel developed are:
Law of dominance- some traits are dominant over others (recessive)
Law of Segregation- 2 factors that separate into gametes
Law of Independent assortment- segregation occurs randomly
P1 generation is the parent generation, F1 is the Filial generation or 1st offspring, F2 is the 2nd Filial generation
The first law of probability is future outcomes are not influenced by previous results
Second law of probability is that the probability of two events happening is the product of their separate probabilites
codominance is where both alleles are shown in a genotype or phenotype. Ex: roan cows show both white and red areas
incomplete dominance is where the two alleles blend. Ex: Red and white flowers creating pink flowers
karyotypes display chromosomes in pairs and the 23rd pair of chromosomes determine what gender the person is
the 23rd pair is both X X, then it is female. If it is X and Y, then it is male.
Know FOIL first, outer, inner, last
test cross- unknown genotype crossed with homozygous genotype
Haploid- one set of chromosomes produced by meiosis
Diploid- diploid cells are what meiosis start with and mitosis end with, they get turned into haploid cells
Homologous chromosomes: chromosomes that are similar in size and structure
Prophase 1: crossing over occurs and homologous chromosomes form a tetrodotoxin. Helps in genetic variation.
Gametes are cells that contain 1 set of chromosomes or haploids
Tetrads are on meiosis notes
Crossing over increases genetic variation and creates gametes
Spermatogenesis are 4 daughter cells produced by a sperm
Oogenesis are formed when 1 of the 4 daughters cells becomes an egg
Diploids are also formed when a sperm and egg fuse
Amylase is made in mouth from salivary glands and breaks down carbohydrates
stomach makes both chemical and mechanical digestion
Small intestine does chemical digestion
Mouth does both chemical and mechanical digestion
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts
chemical equation for aerobic respiration is C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
in exergonic graphs, the reactants have more energy and the energy is then released
In endergonic graphs, the products have more energy and the energy is absorbed
Catalysts are meant to lower activation energy therefore speeding up the rate of an reaction
Catalysts in our bodies are called enzymes
Enzymes and the rate of their reaction are affected by pH (more acidic or basic and denatures enzyme), temperature (can increase rate or denature enzyme), concentration (more enzyme --> faster reaction)
The enzyme in the liver lab was called catalase and is found in livers
The substrate was hydrogen peroxide
the enzyme heated the temperature and lowered the pH
the enzyme and substrate didn't react after the enzyme was altered
The enzyme was denatured
Functions of a protein include structure/support, enzymes, storage, transport, hormones, and to fight infections
the monomer of a protein is an amino acid
there are 20 different amino acids that exist
Proteins are formed through dehydration synthesis and resulting bond between amino acids is called a peptide
specific structure of the protein results in a specific job or function of the protein
The difference between a gene mutation and chromosomal mutation is that gene mutations get change in nucleotide sequence while chromosomal are change is severed genes
The types of gene mutation include substition (substitutes one amino acid for another), deletion (deletes an amino acid), and insertion (puts in another amino acid)
Deletion and insertion are the only gene mutations to cause a frameshift
the types of chromosomal mutations include deletions, insertions, inversions (rearrangement of chromosomes), translocation (a chromosomal segment is moved to another segment)
Not all mutations are harmful as substitution doesn't always change the amino acid sequence
amino acids act as monomers of a protein that is a polymer
peptide bonds are formed between amino acids
3 bases are needed to specify an mRNA codon
mRNA gets out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores
anti codons allow tRNA molecules to match up with mRNA
an mRNA must attach to a ribosome before protein production can begin
rRNA or ribosomal RNA are in the ribosome
mRNA or messenger RNA copy the code from DNA to take to the ribosome
tRNA or transfer RNA match amino acids to codons on the mRNA
complementary base pairing ensure the accuracy of the genetic coding
DNA is a double helix while mRNA is single stranded
1 strand of mRNA are transcribed from two unzipped strands of DNA
differences between mRNA and DNA are the the DNA is a double helix, RNA is single stranded; nitrogen bases are A,T,C,G for DNA, nitrogen bases are A,U,G,C for mRNA; sugars in DNA are deoxyribose, sugars in mRNA are ribose; DNA is in the nucleus, mRNA is in the ribosome.
both DNA and RNA contain genetic information
xylem transport water in the vascular system while phloem transport sugars
know parts of a plant and vocabulary I guess
Study
(review these):
Autosomal Dominant: do not skip generations, male to male, equal boys and girls (and homozygous dominant/heterozygous genotypes)
Autosomal recessive: trait skip generations, male to male, equal boys and girls (only homozygous individuals have the trait)
X-linked dominant: men who have it give it to all daughters, no male to male
X-linked recessive: trait skips generation, no male to male, more boys than girls