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Discharge from steam turbine passes into condenser where it is condensed using cooling water being circulated employing coolant pump. Condensate being at pressure less than atmospheric pressure is to be sucked out using condensate extraction pump. Condensate is extracted and sent to hot well from where it is pumped to boiler using feed pump. Dissolved gases and air etc. if any are extracted out from condenser using air extraction pump. This air or vapour may be present because of air leaking into vacuum system and air coming with steam. Cooling water for supply to condenser is taken either from some river or from cooling tower. Cooling water requirement may be up to 100 kg water per kg of steam or even more depending upon the type of condenser and its capacity. Cooling tower cools the hot cooling water leaving condenser to get cooled by evaporation of water and heat exchange with air. Water evaporated or lost in cooling tower is compensated by the make up treated water available from feed water treatment plant.
Condenser can be broadly classified on the basis of type of heat exchange i.e. direct or indirect contact condensers.
(i) Direct contact type or Mixing type or Jet condenser
(ii) Indirect contact type or Non-mixing type or Surface condenser
(iii) Evaporative condenser Jet condensers have direct contact between steam and cooling fluid thereby causing contamination of condensate. Surface condensers have indirect heat exchange through metal interface and the two
fluids do not come in direct contact to each other. Evaporative condensers use evaporation of water for heat extraction and is well suited for dry weather so that evaporation is not difficult. Due to direct contact of two fluids the circulating water requirement is much less in jet condenser as compared to other types of condensers. Space requirement and size of condenser etc. are also less with jet condensers. Surface condenser is advantageous over direct contact type condensers because any type of cooling fluid can be used in it and also there is no scope of contamination etc. Different types of condensers are discussed ahead
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