Notes

Americanization movement in the early twentieth century to encourage immigrants to embrace American culture
birds of passage immigrants who planned to go back to their homeland after a short time
captains of industry term used to describe industrialists who positively affected the nation
cultural shock feelings of confusion caused by exposure to an unfamiliar culture
debt peonage a system in which a person is forced to work until a debt is paid
deflation a decrease in the money supply that raises the value of each dollar and lowers the price of goods
discrimination treating a person unfairly because of prejudice
horizontal consolidation process of purchasing competing companies to control an industry
money supply amount of money placed by the government in the national economy
nativism favoring native-born citizens of a country
patronage granting of government jobs to political supporters
philanthropists people who give donations to worthy causes
piecework system in which workers were paid for the items they produced
push-pull factors reasons people leave their homeland to live in a new area
robber baron term used to describe industrialists who took advantage of their workers and used unfair business practices
segregation the practice of separating people based on race
Social Darwinism theory promoting as little interference as possible by society and government in the economy and big business
Socialism economic and political philosophy advocating public ownership of business and the equal distribution of wealth
suburb residential area located near a large city
sweatshops shops where piecework was done over long hours, for low pay, and under unsafe working conditions
tenements urban apartment buildings housing multiple families in an apartment
urbanization the growth of cities
vertical consolidation process of purchasing businesses to lower production costs so other companies could not compete