Notes

On a coastal sand dune near Kitty Hawk, N.C., on Dec. 17, 1903, two brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, realized one of mankind’s earliest dreams: they flew. Although gliders were in existence, the Wright brothers made the world’s first successful sustained and controlled flight of a motor-driven aircraft, the culmination of years of experimentation with kites and gliders.

Wilbur Wright was born near Millville, Ind., on April 16, 1867, and Orville in Dayton, Ohio, on Aug. 19, 1871. They were the sons of a clergyman who later became a bishop of the United Brethren Church. The boys demonstrated their mechanical abilities at an early age. A skating accident made Wilbur an invalid for several years. While in high school Orville built a printing press and started a weekly newspaper. The Wright brothers became inseparable, and neither married.

In 1892 the brothers opened a bicycle sales and repair shop, and they were soon manufacturing their own bicycles. Even as young boys they were fascinated with flight, playing with kites and a toy helicopter. They became inspired by several glider pioneers, especially Otto Lilienthal in Germany and Octave Chanute in the United States (see Airplane). After observing how buzzards keep their balance while in the air, Wilbur realized that to fly successfully an airplane must operate on three axes.

In 1900 they built their first glider, a biplane, that traveled 300 feet (91 meters). In 1901, using aerodynamics tables compiled by Samuel Langley and Lilienthal, they constructed new wings for a larger glider; the flight was poor so they set out to test the tables. They made 200 model wings and tested them in a small wind tunnel. The tables were proven wrong and the Wrights painstakingly computed new ones. In 1902 their third biplane bested all records for glider flight. (See also Glider.)

To construct their first powered airplane, Flyer I, the Wrights had to design a lighter gasoline engine and an efficient propeller. In 1903, with a strong wind at Kitty Hawk, the Wrights tested the plane. Orville, the pilot, lay alongside the motor on the lower wing. Wilbur steadied the craft at one wing tip. After a 40-foot (12-meter) run the plane was airborne. In the 12 seconds before it touched the ground, the plane flew 120 feet (37 meters). Wilbur piloted the longest flight of the day, 852 feet (260 meters) in 59 seconds.

During 1904 and 1905 the Wrights built and tested new planes and engines. An improved Flyer II was flown near Dayton, Ohio, in 1904. In 1905 the world’s first practical airplane, Flyer III, could turn, bank, circle, fly figure eights, and stay airborne for over half an hour. Late in 1907, the Wrights submitted a bid to the United States Army for a military plane. In 1908 Orville took a plane to Fort Myer, Va., passed the trials, and won the contract for the world’s first military plane. During that year, Orville’s plane crashed, injuring him and killing his passenger.

Wilbur died of typhoid fever on May 30, 1912. Orville served on the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. For years he argued with officials of the Smithsonian Institution over whether the Wrights or Langley had built the first successful plane (see Langley). An angered Orville lent the Flyer I to the Kensington Museum in London in 1928. In 1942 Smithsonian officials made a public apology. Orville died in Dayton on Jan. 30, 1948. Later that year the plane was returned to the United States.