Notes

What happens when a solid is dissolved into a liquid?
Solid particles become evenly dispersed among liquid particles.
Water can dissolve other substances. Which factor best contributes to this property of water?
Water particles are not fixed in place.
Why are liquids well suited for hydraulics?
Liquids are incompressible.
Which term best describes liquid behavior under pressure?
incompressible
A group of students are wandering around a room. When their teacher claps, the students sit down wherever they are.

This situation best models the formation of which type of solid?
an amorphous solid because the particles do not have a regular structure
A plasma that has particles that never collide frequently enough to exchange kinetic energy and never reach a temperature equal to the surroundings is categorized as anonthermal plasma.
How does the motion of particles in the sun’s plasma compare to the motion of particles in a solid?
Particles in the plasma move randomly, but particles in a solid vibrate in one place.

Temperature depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample. How does this help with explaining why a plasma-based light does not have a high temperature?
Most particles in the plasma are heavy and slow.

Which description best characterizes the motion of particles in a solid?
vibrating around fixed positions

Which best explains why a crystal is incompressible?
There is little, if any, space left between its adjacent molecules.

Which reason best explains why plasmas are good conductors of electricity?
They have mobile charged particles.

What are thermal plasmas?
plasmas that reach a temperature equal to their surroundings

Which is an example of plasmas in nature?
auroras

Which example involves a phase change in which heat energy is released by the substance?
freezing icecream

Consider the heating curve for water.

mc024-1.jpg

At what temperature does the solid start melting?80

Which energy change occurs during boiling?
Heat energy is absorbed by the substance.

The diagram below shows the different phase transitions that occur in matter.


mc027-1.jpg


Which statement best describes the process that arrow 1 represents?
Molecules are speeding up as boiling occurs.

The arrows in the chart below represent phase transitions.

mc014-1.jpg

Which arrows represent the phase transitions in which heat energy is gained?
1, 2, and 3
Consider the temperature versus time graph below.
mc020-1.jpg
At what temperature is the boiling point of this substance?
120 c

Water is initially present in a state where its molecules are far apart. During a change of state, its molecules slow down. Which change of state has most likely taken place?
from a gas to a liquid

The diagram below shows the different phase transitions that occur in matter.


mc009-1.jpg

Which arrow would most likely represent the phase change that occurs when silver is poured into a mold and cools to become a solid bar?
5


Jean has a sample of a liquid. If she changes the liquid's phase by Evaporating it, the molecules will spread out, allowing the sample to expand and fill a container of any shape or volume.

Five gases combined in a gas cylinder have the following partial pressures: 3.00 atm (N2), 1.80 atm (O2), 0.29 atm (Ar), 0.18 atm (He), and 0.10 atm (H). What is the total pressure that is exerted by the gases?
In order to solve the total pressure that is exerted by the gases, we need to use the Dalton's Law of Partial pressures. These are the calculations that you need to find out the total amount of pressure exerted to the gases:

3.00atm (N2) + 1.80atm (O2) + 0.29atm (Ar) + 0.18atm (He) + 0.10atm (H),
add up all of that, and the answer would turn out to be: 5.37atm.


A scientist is measuring the pressure that is exerted by each of the following gases in the atmosphere: carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen. Which term most likely describes what she is measuring?
My guess would be partial pressure.

The incomplete table below shows selected characteristics of gas laws.

Name
Variables
Constants
Equation
?
Pressure, volume
Temperature,
moles of gas
PV = k
Charles’s law
?
?
V = kT
Gay-Lussac’s law
?
?
?
Combined gas law
?
?
mc025-1.jpg

What are the variables in Gay-Lussac’s law?
pressure and temperature

Which equation is derived from the combined gas law?
((P1V1/T1)=(P2V2/T2))

If two gases are present in a container, the total pressure in the container is equal to
the sum of the pressures that are exerted by each of the two gases.

Which equation represents the combined gas law?
The correct option is P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 /T2.

The combine gas law states that the ratio of the product of pressure, volume and absolute temperature of a gas is always a constant. Mathematically, the law is represented by P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 /T2; where

P1 and P2 = Initial and final pressure of the gas

V1 and V2 = Initial volume and the final volume of the gas

T1 and T2 = Initial temperature and final temperature of the gas.

Combine gas law was formed by the combination of Boyle's law, Charles' law and Gay Lussac's law.

The absolute temperature of a gas is increased four times while maintaining a constant volume. What happens to the pressure of the gas?
It increases by a factor of four.

Which law is based on the graph that is shown below?
Boyle’s law

The gas in the piston is being heated, and the piston has moved upward. The observation will be summarized in a row of the incomplete table below.
temperature and volume