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Acidified potassium maganate (VII)
turns purple to colourless }in presence of reducing agent
Acidified potassium dichromate (VI)
turns orange to green }in presence of reducing agent
Reducing agent:s
Aqueous potassium iodide
turns colourless to brown }in presence of oxidising agent
Acid + metal = salt + hydrogen
Acid + alkali = salt + water [neutralisation]
Acid + metal oxide/hydroxide = salt + water
Acid + carbonate = salt + water + carbon dioxide
Alkali + ammonium salt = salt + water + ammonium
preparing salts:
precipitation [insoluble salts]
1) nitrate salt + acid
2) nitrate salt + sodium salt
Add both aq solutions tgt
ppt will be seen forming
filter to obtain ppt
wash residue with cold distilled water
dry between 2 pieces of filter paper
Crystallisation [soluble & not SPA salts]
1) Acid + metal / metal oxide / metal carbonate
Add excess metal to acid until no more metal dissolves
filter off remaining metal to obtain filtrate
heat filtrate to obtain a saturated solution
cool the saturated solution
crystals will be seen forming
wash crystals with cold distilled water
dry crystals between 2 pieces of filter paper
Titration [SPA salts]
1) Acid + alkali
fill up a burette with acid
pipette 25.ocm cube of alkali into a conical flask
add a few drops of methyl orange into the conical flask
add the acid from the burette into the conical flask until methyl orange turns red
record the volume of acid used
repeat the experiment by adding the recorded volume of acid to 25.0cm cube of alkali without adding any indicator
heat solution until it becomes saturated & cool the solution
filter to obtain crystals
wash crystals with cold distilled water
dry between 2 pieces of filter paper
Test & Results for anions:
Carbonate } Add dilute acid = Effervescence seen, gas produced forms white ppt in limewater
Chloride } Silver nitrate = white ppt formed
Nitrate } Add sodium hydroxide then aluminium foil; warm gently = pungent gas produced turns red litmus blue
Sulfate } Barium nitrate = white ppt formed
Test & Results for cations: Effects of NaOH // Effects of NH3
Ammonium } no ppt formed; upon warming pungent gas produced // -
turns moist red litmus blue
Calcium } White ppt formed; insoluble in excess NaOH // no ppt
Copper(II) } Light blue ppt formed; insoluble in excess NaOH // Light blue ppt formed; soluble in excess NH3 giving
a dark blue solution
Iron(II) } Green ppt formed; insoluble in excess NaOH // Green ppt formed; insoluble in excess NaOH
Iron(III) } Red-brown ppt formed; insoluble in excess NaOH // Red-brown ppt formed; insoluble in excess NH3
Lead(II) } White ppt formed; soluble in excess Naoh giving a // White ppt formed; insoluble in excess NH3
colourless solution
Zinc } White ppt formed; insoluble in excess NaOH // White ppt formed; soluble in excess NH3 giving a
colourless solution
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