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Build up of fatty substances on the inner surface of coronary arteries
lumen of arteries is narrowed
Trapping of blood clots in artery
reduces blood flow to heart muscle
heart muscle cells recieved reduced oxygen supply
muscle may stop contracting and cause heart attack
Artery - Oxygenated blood away from the heart
Pulmonary artery - Deoxygenated blood away from the heart to lungs
Vein - Deoxygenated blood towards the heart
Pulmonary vein - Oxygenated blood from the lungs towards the heart
Hepatic artery - from heart to liver
Hepatic vein - from liver to heart
Hepatic portal vein - from small intestine to liver
Artery : Thick & muscular walls to withstand immense pressure
Vein : Thin walls ; flow of blood slower ; lower pressure
valves present to withstand backflow of blood
Capillary : one cell thick wall ; capillary network increase surface are & total cross sectional for more efficient exchange of substances.
RESPIRATION :
Alveoli adaptations- for gaseous exchange via diffusion
1. Numerous alveoli in lungs increase surface area for gaseous exchange
2. Alveoli are well-supplied with blood capillaries to maintain a steep concentration gradient
3. Alveolar surface coated with a thin film of moisture to allow oxygen to diffuse
4. The walls of each alveolar and surrounding capillaries are one cell thick, ensuring faster rate of diffusion
Nicotine : Highly addictive drug, increases risk of blood clot in blood vessels, therefore increasing the risk of heart disease
Carbon monoxide : Decrease ability of red blood cell to transport oxygen, increase rate at which fats are deposits on inner arterial walls
Tar : Carcinogenic, paralyses the cilia lining in air passages, reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange
Irritants : Paralyses cilla lining in air passages, increasing risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
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