Notes

science notes
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C h a p 1 .1
Diversity of organisms
what is biodiversity?
:the diversity of organisms, whether microorganisms or animals or plants, is known as biodiversity.
:biodiversity exists as a result of the diversity of habitat and climate.
:different organisms have different characteristics which enable them to adapt and thrive independently in there own habitat.
Examples
dessert polar regions soil sea

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The importance of biodiversity?
:biodiversity is a priceless treasure and a legacy of nature which should be preserved.
S o u r c e of food B a l a n c e of food R e c r e a t i o n a l places
:animals and plants :cycle of nutrients, :areas that are rich in biodiversity
supply food to humans. pollination and interaction can be developed as recreational places.
between organisms create
balance in nature.

M e d i c a l R a w materials for industries E d u c a t i o n
:herbs are widely used in :timber, bamboo and ratten are :humans increase knowledge and create
the manufacture of medicine examples of forest products which new technology through scientific research
and cosmetics. are used to make musical on microorganisms, animals and plants.
instruments
and furniture.


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Effective biodiversity management
:(efforts to stop deforestation)
1)Banning the killing or trade endemic and endangered animals and plants through Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
2)Protecting the habitat through creating national parks, marine parks, forest reserves and wildlife sanctuaries.
3)Undertaking reproductive programmes such as seedling nurseries to help with reforestation and turtle hatchers.


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C h a p 1.2
Classification of organisms
: the two main groups of organisms are -Animals- and -Plants-:
: animals and plants can be classified further into smaller groups based on common characteristics.

Classifications of animals
:Animals can be classified (separated into 2 groups) as "invertebrates" and "vertebrates"
what's the difference?
:"invertebrates are animals without a backbone" and "vertebrates are animals with a backbone"
I N V E R T E B R A T E S
: animals without backbone
(invertebrates can also be seperated into 2 more groups) :( help me......
W i t h o u t legs
(its suort of seprated into 4groups now)
1)without segmented body
> E x a m p l e s
sponge sea anemone corals planaria snail


2)with segmented body
> E x a m p l e s
tape worms earthworm leech


W i t h legs
1)with 3 pairs of legs >E x a m p l e s
>characteristics ant butterfly cockroach
*have segmented bodies
*have hard outer shell


2)with more than 3 pairs of legs
>E x a m p l e s
spider prawn centipede scorpion

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V E R T E B R A T E S
:animals with a backbone
(vertebrates can be seprated into 5 groups)

1)F I S H
characteristics are: >E X A M P L E S
>poikilothermic Clownfish Grouper Eel
>have fins and a tail
>breath through gills
>lay eggs
>undergo external fertilization

2)A M P H I B I A N S
characteristics are: >E X A M P L E S
>poikilothermic Frog Frog spawn Tadpole Toad
>live on land and water
>covered with moist skin
>young amphibians breath through gills
>adult amphibians breath using their lungs and moist skin
>produce jelly like egg (spawn) without shell
>undergo external fertilization

3)R E P T I L E S
characteristics are: >E X A M P L E S
>poikilothermic Turtle Snake Crocodile iguana
>produce eggs with shell
>breath through lungs
>have scales and hard skin
>undergo internal fertilization

4)B I R D S
characteristics are: >E X A M P L E S
>homeothermic Owl Kingfisher Duck
>covered with feathers to maintain body temp
>breath through lungs
>have wings to help some birds fly
>have a pair of scaly feet
>undergo external fertilization
>produce eggs with hard shell

5)M A M M A L S
characteristics are: >E X A M P L E S
>homeothermic Elephant Giraffe Lion Bat
>covered with fur or hair
>breath through lungs
>undergo internal fertilization
>give birth and nurse their young

[OKAY BEFORE NEXT WHATVER FYI ]
what does poikilotherm and homeotherm mean?
P O I K I L O T H E R M H O M E O T H E R M
>is an organism that has a body temp >an animal with a body temp that is constant and free
that can change according to its surrounding from the influence of its surrounding temp

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CLASIFICATION OF PLANTS
(gonna skip this one out cause lazy to type bout plants cause theyre boring but ill leave some space just in case)



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C h a p 2.1
Ecosystem
energy flow in an ecosystem
>in an ecosystem, organisms can be classified as:
PRODUCERS, CONSUMERS and DECOMPOSER
1)Producer
>an organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis. (littreally in the title "producer")
>most plants are producers.

2)Consumer
Consumers are divided into 3 categories which are:

-primary consumers
>a consumer is an organism that eats another organism. (IN THE NAME "consume" WHICH MEANS DAVOUR,EAT)
>primary consumers are herbivours and omnivours that eat producers
>caterpillars

-secondary consumers
>a secondary consumer is an omnivore and carnivore that eats primary consumer.
>for example, the himalayan bluetail is an omnivore because it eats caterpillars and fruits. however, the kingfisher is a primary carnivore because it eats primary consumers such as snails, tadpoles and shrimps

-tertiary consumer
>a tertiary consumer is a secondary carnivore that eats secondary consumer.
>the size of a tertiary consumer is usually bigger than primary or secondary consumer

3)Decomposer
>a decomposer is an organism that breaks down dead animals and plants into simpler materials or nutrients.
>this interaction is known as saprophytism
>mushrooms
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FOOD CHAIN
>a food chain can be used to show the feeding relationship between organisms.
Cabbage > Snail > Bird > Fox
(producer) (p. consumer) (s. consumer) (t. consumer)

FOOD WEB
>a food web is an interconnection of a few food chains.

> e n e r g y f l o w

> caterpillar > bird
Cabbage > Snail > > snake
> grasshopper > frog
*energy is also transferred from one organism to another organism in the food web. in reality, some of the energy is lost because it is used by the organism to move and carry chemical energy through undigested food or feaces.
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C h a p 2.2
Nutrient cycle in an ecosystem
>The transfer of nutrients and energy is continuous in an ecosystem.
>Nutrients are obtained from a balanced ecosystem and used by living things.
>Then, the nutrients are returned to the environment to be used again.
This cycle is called a nutrient cycle.

(gonna skip cause the cycle is boring tbh)

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Steps to solve problems when there is an interference to the nutrient cycle
H U M A N ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE NUTRIENT CYCLE
>unrestricted logging
>burning of fossil fuels
>overconsumption of water resources

STEPS TO SOLVE INTERFIERENCE TO THE NUTRIENT CYCLE
>create planned agricultural systems
>use public transport
>store rain water daily for use
>replant tree
>tighten laws

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C h a p 2.3
Understand these important terms first.
1)Habitat
:a habitat is the natural surroundings (home) of an organism.
2)Species
:a group of organisms that have common characteristics and can reproduce to breed off spring.
3)Population
:a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same habitat.
4)Community
:a few populations of different organisms that live together in one habitat and have mutual interaction with one another.
5)Ecosystem
:a few communities that live together in one habitat and have mutual interaction with one another, including all the non-living components such as water, air and soil.
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A BALANCED ECOSYSTEM
>organisms in an ecosystem are independent one each other to ensure the survival of the species.
>these organisms are also independent on non living components in the environment such as w a t e r, l i g h t , a i r and s o i l
>the interdependents that exists between organisms, this creates a balanced ecosystem.
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