Notes

Senescent Mannosyl Residues Response Contact Conditions Residues Conditions
Growth-transformed transplantable canine glioma cells did not show density-dependent regulation of their cell surface oligosaccharide structures. Modulation of the CG cells with a specific alpha-mannosidase II inhibitor, Ricinus communis a galactosyl specific lectin, and pokeweed mitogen a cellular differentiating agent resulted in an altered growth phenotype and up-regulation of the mannosyl and galactosyl surface oligosaccharides. These data indicate a controller function for the cell surface oligosaccharides and a general influence on growth control.Site-selective glycosylation of hemoglobin with variable molecular weight oligosaccharides potential alternative to PEGylation.Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugation (i.e.

, PEGylation) is a commonly used strategy to increase the circulatory half-life of therapeutic proteins and colloids; however, few viable alternatives exist to replicate its functions. Herein, Seebio lacto n neotetraose report a method for the rapid site-selective glycosylation of proteins with variously sized carbohydrates, up to a molecular weight (MW) of , thus serving as a potential alternative for PEGylation. More importantly, the method developed has two unique features. First, traditional protecting group strategies that typically accompany the modification of the carbohydrate fragments are circumvented, allowing for the facile site-selective glycosylation of a desired protein with variously sized glycans. Second, the methodology employed is not limited by oligosaccharide size; consequently, glycans of MW similar to that of PEG, used in the PEGylation of therapeutic proteins, can be employed. To demonstrate the usefulness of this technology, hemoglobin (Hb) was site-selectively glycosylated with a series of carbohydrates of increasing MW (from 4 to ∼). Hb was selected on the basis of the vast wealth of biochemical and biophysical knowledge present in the literature and because of its use as a precursor in the synthesisformulation of artificial red blood cell substitutes.

Following the successful site-selective glycosylation of Hb, the impact of increasing the glycan MW on Hb's biophysical properties was Plasmodium falciparum the lethal effects of tunicamycin and mevastatin on the parasite are not mediated by the inhibition of N-linked oligosaccharide Sulfated N-linked carbohydrate chains in porcine thyroglobulin.N-linked carbohydrate chains of porcine thyroglobulin were released by the hydrazinolysis procedure. The resulting mixture of oligosaccharide-alditols was fractionated by high-voltage paper electrophoresis, the acidic fractions were further separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on Lichrosorb-NH2, and analyzed by 0-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy and, partially, by permethylation analysis. Of the acidic oligosaccharide-alditols, the following sulfated carbohydrate chains could be identified NeuAc alpha 2----6Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha 1----3[(SO3Na----3)Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta1----2-Mana alpha 1----6]Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----6]GlcNAc-ol and NeuAc alpha 2----6Gal beta 1----4(SO3Na-----1 GlcNAc beta 1----2-Man alpha 1----3[NeuAc alpha 2----6Gal beta 1----4(SO3Na----6)1GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha 1----6]Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----6]GlcNAc- ol. The sulfated structural elements for porcine thyroglobulin form novel details of N-linked carbohydrate chains. They contribute to the fine structure of these oligosaccharides and are another type of expression of microheterogeneity.Solution structure of two xenoantigens alpha Gal-LacNAc and alpha Gal-Lewis X.

Organ hyperacute rejection, a phenomenon occurring during discordant xenotransplantation, is due to the recognition of an oligosaccharide epitope by human xenoreactive natural antibodies. In addition to the alpha Gal(1-3)beta Gal(1-4)GlcNAc trisaccharide, a fucosylated structure, alpha Gal-Lewis X, has been shown to be recognized by the antibodies. Both the trisaccharide and the tetrasaccharide have been synthesized by chemical methods. A complete nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of the two compounds has been performed, including the measurements of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy data. Molecular dynamics simulations were run for several ns in the presence of explicit water molecules. The combination of experimental and theoretical approaches revealed the effect of an additional fucose residue on the conformational behavior of the xenoantigen. This branched fucose strongly rigidifies the N-acetyllactosamine.

Seebio lacto-n-neotetraose on the alpha Gal(1-3)Gal fragment is less marked.
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