Notes

Insulin-like development factor-1 directly influences cardiac mobile remodelling by way of unique paths.
The spatiotemporal variability in groundwater arsenic concentrations following extensive groundwater extractions over decades was rarely studied on a large scale. To fill this gap, variations in groundwater arsenic concentrations in the North Henan Plain in China from 2010 to 2020 were investigated. The possibility of high-arsenic groundwater (>10 μg/L) was higher than 40% in aquifers within a distance of 100 m from paleochannels. This may be due to the fact that deposits in paleochannels were rich in organic matter and suitable for arsenic enrichment. Following groundwater withdrawal over ten years from 2010 to 2020, nearly half of groundwater samples (44%) were elevated in groundwater arsenic concentrations, and the proportion of high arsenic groundwater increased from 24% in 2010 to 26% in 2020. These may be related to enhanced Fe(III) oxide reduction under decadal groundwater withdrawal. However, around 56% groundwater samples were decreases in arsenic concentrations because of increased NO3- levels in these samples in 2020. Furthermore, extensive groundwater withdrawal decreased groundwater tables averagely by 4.6 m from 2010 to 2020, which induced the intrusion of high-arsenic groundwater from shallow aquifers into deeper ones. More importantly, the long-term groundwater pumping has perturbed groundwater flow dynamics and redistributed high-arsenic groundwater in the plain, leading to 18% more areas and 33.8% more residents being potentially at risk. This study suggests that the threat of groundwater overexploitation may be much more severe than previously expected.Soils have been widely acknowledged as important natural sources of nitric oxide (NO) and meanwhile sinks of nitric dioxide (NO2). High nitrogen deposition across South China could potentially result in large NO emissions from subtropical forests soils there. In this study, the dynamic chamber method was applied to monitor NO and NO2 fluxes at two subtropical forest sites in South China, namely "Qianyanzhou" (QYZ) and "Tieshanping" (TSP). Chronically higher N deposition occurred at TSP than that at QYZ. Besides soil water filled pore spaces (WFPS) and temperature, ambient NO concentration could also possibly be important in regulating temporal NO emissions, especially in the winter. For both sites, the optimum soil temperature was above 25 °C, while the optimum WFPS for NO release at QYZ was higher (65-70%) than that at TSP ( less then 23%). Moreover, heavy rainfall could trigger NO emission pulses from moist soils at QYZ, while rainfall-induced NO pulses were only observed after a long drying period at TSP. Distinctly different contents of mineral nitrogen and soil moisture conditions between the two sites might induce the divergent preference of WFPS and responses to rainfall. The cumulative soil emission of NO reached 0.41 ± 0.01 and 0.76 ± 0.01 kg N ha-1 yr-1 at QYZ and TSP, contributing to 2.5% and 1.4% of the annual throughfall N input, respectively. LGK-974 in vivo At both sites, NO2 were mainly deposited to soils, accounting for 2% and 21% of soil-emitted NO at QYZ and TSP, respectively. The observed annual NO emissions at these two sites were larger than the median values observed for tropical and temperate forests and unfertilized croplands. Higher N deposition could induce larger NO emission potential, while soil temperature and pH might also be important in regulating regional soil NO emissions as N-loss from subtropical forests.Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the agrochemicals most used around the globe. However, they might have adverse effects on human and animal health. Previously, we showed that female rats neonatally exposed to GBHs exhibit altered expression of morphogenetic molecules and biomarkers of uterine development. We also observed a reduction in the size of implantation sites, altered expression of decidualization-related molecules, and increased post-implantation losses. Since decidualization comprises morphogenetic, biochemical and vascular changes, here we investigated the effects of neonatal GBH exposure on uterine angiogenesis in neonatal and pregnant rats. To achieve this, Wistar female rats were exposed to saline solution or GBH (2 mg glyphosate/kg-bw/day) on post-natal days (PND) 1, 3, 5 and 7. On PND8, uterine samples were collected for developmental studies. On PND90, the remaining females were mated and in the morning of gestational day (GD) 9, the implantation sites were collected. Angiogenesis-relaton, suggesting altered vascular support. These alterations might contribute to the increased post-implantation losses observed in GBH-treated rats.Groundwater constitutes a major source of fresh water globally. However, it faces serious quality challenges from both conventional pollutants and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), personal care products (PCPs) and pesticides. There exists a significant knowledge gap regarding the occurrence of CECs in groundwater, especially in Africa. This study presents unique data on the concentration of fourteen PhACs, five PCPs and nine pesticides in groundwater wells in Nzoia River basin, Kenya. Generally, PCPs were the most dominant class with concentrations up to 10 μg/L (methylparaben). Anti(retro)virals, being important in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, were more prevalent among the PhACs as compared to the developed world, with concentrations up to 700 ng/L (nevirapine). In contrast, pesticides were measured at lower concentrations, the maximum being 42 ng/L (metolachlor). A basic risk assessment shows that - among the detected CECs - carbamazepine may pose medium human health risk and requires further investigation among infants and children. Point-of-use (POU) technologies are being increasingly promoted especially in the developing nations to provide drinking water solutions at the household level, but very little data is available on their performance towards CECs removal. Therefore, besides measuring CECs in groundwater, we investigated ceramic filters and solar disinfection (SODIS) as possible POU treatment options. Both techniques show potential to treat CECs in groundwater, with removal efficiencies higher than 90% obtained for 41 and 22 compounds in ceramic filters and SODIS, respectively. Moreover, for the more recalcitrant compounds (e.g. sulfadoxin), the performance is improved by up to three orders of magnitude when using TiO2 as a photocatalyst in SODIS.Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are at the forefront of many technological breakthroughs in science and engineering. The extensive use of ENMs in several consumer products has resulted in their release to the aquatic environment. ENMs entering the aquatic ecosystem undergo a dynamic transformation as they interact with organic and inorganic constituents present in aquatic environment, specifically abiotic factors such as NOM and clay minerals, and attain an environmental identity. Thus, a greater understanding of ENM-abiotic factors interactions is required for an improved risk assessment and sustainable management of ENMs contamination in the aquatic environment. This review integrates fundamental aspects of ENMs transformation in aquatic environment as impacted by abiotic factors, and delineates the recent advances in bioavailability and ecotoxicity of ENMs in relation to risk assessment for ENMs-contaminated aquatic ecosystem. It specifically discusses the mechanism of transformation of different ENMs (metals, metal oxides and carbon based nanomaterials) following their interaction with the two most common abiotic factors NOM and clay minerals present within the aquatic ecosystem. The review critically discusses the impact of these mechanisms on the altered ecotoxicity of ENMs including the impact of such transformation at the genomic level. Finally, it identifies the gaps in our current understanding of the role of abiotic factors on the transformation of ENMs and paves the way for the future research areas.Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter not larger than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) escalated the risk of respiratory diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction may play a pivotal role in PM2.5-induced airway injury. However, the potential effect of PM2.5 on mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP)-related airway injury is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of mPTP in PM2.5-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in airway epithelial cells in vitro. PM2.5 significantly reduced cell viability and caused apoptosis in BEAS-2B cells. We also found PM2.5 caused cellular and mitochondrial morphological alterations, evidenced by the disappearance of mitochondrial cristae, mitochondrial swelling, and the rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane. PM2.5 induced mPTP opening via upregulation of voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC), leading to deprivation of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and intracellular calcium level. PM2.5 suppressed mitochondrial respiratory function by reducing basal and maximal respiration, and ATP production. The mPTP targeting compounds cyclosporin A [CsA; a potent inhibitor of cyclophilin D (CypD)] and VBIT-12 (a selective VDAC1 inhibitor) significantly inhibited PM2.5-induced mPTP opening and apoptosis, and preserved mitochondrial function by restoring mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing mitochondrial ROS generation and intracellular calcium content, and maintaining mitochondrial respiration function. Our data further demonstrated that PM2.5 caused reduction in nuclear expressions of PPARγ and PGC-1α, which were reversed in the presence of CsA. These findings suggest that mPTP might be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of PM2.5-induced airway injury.Nesfatin-1, an 82-amino acid polypeptide derived from the precursor protein nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2), was first discovered in 2006 in the rat hypothalamus. The effects and distribution of nesfatin-1 immunopositive neurons in the brain and spinal cord point towards a role of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in autonomic regulation. Therefore, studies which have been conducted to investigate the interplay between nesfatin-1 and the autonomic nervous system were examined, and the outcomes of this research were summarized. NUCB2/nesfatin-1 immunoreactivity is widely distributed in autonomic centers of the brain and spinal cord in both rodents and humans. In several regions of the hypothalamus, midbrain and brainstem, nesfatin-1 modulates autonomic functions. On the other hand, the autonomic nervous system also influences the activity of nesfatin-1 neurons. Here, the vagus nerve seems to be a crucial factor in the regulation of nesfatin-1. In summary, although data here is still sparse, there is a clear interplay between nesfatin-1 and the autonomic nervous system, the precise clarification of which still requires further research to gain more insight into these complex relationships.
Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become endemic in many healthcare settings.

To analyse the incidence, risk factors, outcomes, and genomic relatedness of patients with newly diagnosed gastrointestinal colonization of MRSA.

Epidemiology and genetic analysis by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in a hospital network in Hong Kong.

Between October 1
, 2015 and December 31
, 2018, a total of 919 (2.7%) of 34,667 patients had newly diagnosed gastrointestinal MRSA colonization by admission screening. The incidence was 0.67 ± 0.32 per 1000 patient-days per quarter. Including patients with gastrointestinal MRSA colonization, the overall burden of MRSA increased by 59.2%, with an addition of 4727 MRSA patient-days during the study period. Patients referred from residential care home for the elderly, with history of hospitalization in the past six months, and consumption of fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and proton-pump inhibitors in the preceding six months were found to be independent risk factors by multivariate analysis in the case-control analysis.
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