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enlightenment is one's independence of thought
governments should be more democratic so people can use their enlightened ideas
John Locke - Second Treatise of Government
people give up their political power to the government for it to preserve their life, liberty, and property
people are naturally good and will make decisions for the common good (not always right)
the government should be beneficial, not absolute - people should rebel if they consistently are corrupt
Thomas Hobbes - Leviathan
people are more equal than unequal, therefore existing in a state of war thru competition, diffidence, glory
absolute ruler needed to preserve stability and stop people from endangering others
social contract is necessary, whether people like it or not
Baron de Montesquieu - Spirit of the Laws
three forms of government: republic, despotic, monarchy
in a democracy, people both need to vote and exercise power directly
a democracy is corrupt when it is too equal or unequal
too equal = despotic b/c people believe they should rule and strip others of all rights
unequal = monarchy b/c people form classes based on equality and one person rules above others
Jean Jacques Rousseau - The Social Contract
people are good, but civilization corrupts
direct democracy: everyone votes for everything
social contract is between free individuals out of their own free will
people choose what happens in the government in return for giving up some personal power
Democracy: Kant, Rousseau, Locke
Absolute: Hobbes
Montesquieu believes a democracy/republic is best, but truly based on many factors and the balance of power
Enlightened absolutism: absolute rulers who try to help their people (based on philosophers' advice)
-believe that people are more compliant to rule over if they have more freedoms
Joseph II of Austria: more radical, strengthened central government, passed many reforms (taxation, peasants, religious freedom)
Catherine the Great of Russia: limited reforms, respected nobles, faced lots of opposition from them when trying to abolish serfs
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