Notes

Syrian intellectuals, many of them graduates of European and European- or American-run universities, were urging the study of Arab history, literature, and language.

Jamal Pasha determined to tighten his control over Syria. Attacking dissidents ruthlessly, he arrested Al Fatat members. Twenty-one Arabs were hanged in the city squares of Damascus and Beirut on the morning of May 6, 1915. The event is commemorated as Martyrs' Day, a national holiday in Syria and Lebanon.

AFter hishmaze power gain: Faysal, as military governor, assumed immediate control of all Syria except for the areas along the Mediterranean coast where French troops were garrisoned

indepndence july 1919 ::: In the areas still held by the French, Syrians continued to revolt. may 1919.... france won but Hannanu and Faysal had acquired permanent places in Syrian history as heroes.

The third force was France's determination to remain a power in the Middle East. Earlier in the war, the French, British, Italians, and Russians had met secretly to decide the fate of Arab lands.

the Bolsheviks published secret diplomatic documents, among them the Sykes-Picot Agreement.

At the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919, Woodrow Wilson asked that the Arab claims to independence be given consideration, and Faysal was invited to present the Arab cause.---- failed -----still decelared inspendence when he got home

These events left a lasting bitterness against the West and a deep-seated determination to reunite Arabs into one state.