Notes

Delivering Lithium Batteries Safely

Lithium-ion batteries have a higher power density, especially the battery module, in case of a crash, standard means can not successfully regulate the quick spread of heat or prevent the continual explosion of the battery, which may have significant effects. Specifically in the situation of lithium batteries melting or exploding during air transportation, the repercussions to passengers and aircraft would certainly be really significant or perhaps catastrophic.


So just how exactly did the lithium battery crash take place, allow's take a look at the qualities of the lithium battery itself.


<h2> Lithium battery qualities</h2>


<h3>1 High Energy</h3>


Lithium battery is a high-energy item, if it ignites as well as takes off, the threat is huge. Take the 300Wh/kg square lithium ion battery for example, 1kg square lithium battery includes 1.08 &times; 10 6J of energy; 1g TNT can release 4184J of power, the conversion shows that the power had in 1kg square lithium battery amounts about 258g TNT, the energy contained in a 100kWh pack of square lithium battery concerning This amounts 86 kg of TNT. In the little area of a transport vehicle, this energy launch suffices to cause major damages.


Lithium batteries contain a multitude of high energy square lithium batteries tightly piled; when transferred, mostly a big number of lithium batteries are securely stacked in the little space of the transportation lorry. From the safety and security monitoring perspective, it is a regular risky point.


<h3>2 Large volume</h3>


Reducing the mass of specific bundles, using safe packaging as well as decentralized storage are efficient procedures to decrease transportation threats. The mass of the whole bundle of lithium batteries for basic electric cars, typically with numerous kgs, the power gets to tens to thousands of kilowatt-hours. The quantity comes to be larger and the mass much heavier, so that reducing the mass of specific packages can not be achieved. We have done the adhering to experiments: place 12pcs 506328 kind polymer ternary cathode product lithium ion battery (Note: the anode product is graphite, solitary cell rated capacity 20Ah, billing cut-off voltage is 4. 2V) into a lithium battery module (regarding 4V, 220Ah), placed it right into a metal box made from 5. 0mm thick steel plate, and after that pass the home heating pole in a closed problem. The 5.0 mm thick steel plate of the metal box is partly deformed after complete combustion, which causes thermal runaway.


If a security plan is to be utilized to stop the warm and fire spread of a lithium battery fire, it needs to be fire retardant, shielded and explosion evidence. Currently, there is no packaging that can restrict the release of such a big quantity of power, as well as the cost of unique product packaging with specific efficiency is as well high to be used for big amounts of power batteries. The enhancing mass and size additionally make the handling and area of the battery harder, especially in transportation, where decentralized storage ends up being impractical.


<h3>3 Cell Uniformity</h3>


Distinctions in between the private cells in a lithium battery system are called uniformity issues. This difference can lead to ineffective use of power and also can easily create thermal runaway of the lithium battery.


Currently, there are two ways to resolve the consistency problem:

1) Study the lithium battery system and regulate the high quality of the production procedure to fix the distinctions from the resource. Fully grown industrial manufacturing procedure has actually decreased the failing price of solitary lithium battery to the degree of one in 10 million, but since the lithium battery system contains countless single cells, substantially enhancing the possibility of crashes;

The battery equalization innovation is used to compel the difference between the private batteries to diminish.


After duplicated use the lithium battery, the differences might be more intensified, as a result, the battery management system (BMS) is particularly essential, as well as the evaluation of the BMS is likewise critical.


<h3>4 High Voltage</h3>


The voltage of lithium batteries reaches hundreds of volts, much beyond the risk-free voltage for people.

The threats of high voltage leak are:

( 1) Creating electrical shock to the dealing with workers;

Damages to the battery defense circuit, causing the failure of the safety feature of the battery system;

( 3) might automatically release, igniting other combustible products.


Lithium batteries are generally carried with a fee, and also the cost degree is straight pertaining to safety and security. There is no safety and security examination for high voltage in the UN38.3 series of tests, neither exists a danger evaluation approach for high voltage in the transportation regulations and standards. The transportation dangers related to high voltage in lithium batteries have been ignored.


<h2>Our present transportation issues</h2>


<h3>1 Intrinsic Safety Unresolved</h3>


The chemical structure of lithium batteries identifies their flammability. Although lithium battery security standards and also measures have been advancing constantly, the factors that cause thermal runaway of lithium batteries are still difficult to avoid totally.


There are still some oppositions between the high energy thickness battery system as well as safety and security, which have not yet been dealt with. Various settings of transportation have different degrees of acceptance of safety. The causes of thermal runaway of lithium batteries are complicated, and the existing countermeasures are inadequate. The unforeseeable threat positions a great safety danger to air transport.


<h3>2 Much less research on combustion mechanism and hazards</h3>


Today, less research on the fire risk of large-size lithium batteries, the absence of recognition of fire performance as well as threats, related research study is primarily focused in the small, or even a few lithium battery fire researches, not rep.


Lithium-ion battery combustion will create toxic gases and dust, but research is mostly concentrated in the analysis of the gas elements after direct combustion, less study on the components of the toxic gases generated by combustion, the threats of hazardous gases and also dust, toxic gas diffusion mechanism, couple of researches reported.


Take two fully charged G00236-20Ah type 20Ah polymer ternary cathode product lithium ion cell (cathode material is graphite, billing cut-off voltage is 4.2 V), one bare, one in the homemade fire resistant plan, stimulate the heating rod, home heating at the speed of 5 ℃/ minutes, causing thermal runaway.


The speculative outcomes show that the burning behavior of the exposed lithium battery is really different from that of the lithium battery in the flame-retardant package, the revealed lithium battery caused thermal runaway, complete combustion, high flame, less smoke; the exact same requirements of lithium battery in the flame-retardant plan, also thermal runaway, however no flame escape, creating a great deal of white irritating gas.


<h3>3 Transportation test system is not excellent</h3>


UN38.3 series testing is the basic requirement for lithium battery transportation safety. The requirement is based upon the tiny consumer batteries, but does not provide particular requirements for high energy, huge mass and also several requirements of lithium batteries. Although slowly modified, yet still delays behind the advancement of lithium batteries.


Presently, some of the tools in the lithium-ion battery ranked energy. Normally, the energy of a tiny and medium-sized lithium battery component can exceed 6200Wh, judged by 6200Wh, many of these battery components do not need to be checked. In the procedure of welding and also putting together, there will be false soldering, missed soldering as well as repeated soldering in the lugs of the specific battery, as well as the possible safety threats in the battery component might be induced by external pressures throughout transportation, which might eventually result in short circuit. For lithium batteries with ranked power higher than 6200Wh, the policies call for the examination of BMS, but the assessment techniques and standards are lacking.


For the examination of BMS, along with the specific examination of stability under the transport setting, it is likewise required to evaluate the entire battery system under the transportation environment to mirror the control capacity of BMS, otherwise there is no functional significance. The professionalism and trust as well as previous experience of the evaluator may likewise have a straight influence on the outcomes. The conduction result of this policy straight results in the lack of consideration of transportation safety and security in the layout of lithium batteries, which is a missing link at the resource.


<h3>4 Absence of transportation safety evaluation capability</h3>


There are relatively few third-party testing organizations for lithium batteries. Most of the third-party research laboratories for lithium battery transportation testing do not have screening capacity for lithium batteries. According to the laws, the slightly higher energy lithium batteries can seek not to perform UN38.3 series of tests, additionally brought about the laboratories have actually not developed testing capabilities. Transport security analysis of lithium batteries ought to be based upon the basis of legitimate test data.


The present scenario is that it is difficult to locate a suitable laboratory to perform the tests as well as get the corresponding data. Without legitimate data, the appropriate examination techniques and also standards can not be established, in addition to the establishment of evaluation standards. Additionally, with the growth of related markets, a big number of evaluated, harmed, defective, recalled as well as recycled lithium batteries need to be delivered. These lithium batteries are additionally inappropriate for UN38.3 collection testing prior to shipping, so reasonable safety examination is required. This vacuum cleaner has arised and also is worthy of attention.


5 Not enough danger avoidance and also control actions Ideal packaging can properly control the threat of unsafe goods in the plan and also accomplish risk-free transport. Due to the high certain power as well as plus size of lithium batteries, there is no appropriate product packaging product or packaging form to control the threat in the plan, i.e., lithium batteries in the plan, the total combustion and also does not spread to other products. Worldwide, the layout as well as small use the fire hood or fireproof plan inside the compartment, comparable products in China are still in the experimental stage. These packaging approaches do not address the issue of lithium battery combustion generates big amounts of toxic gases and dirt. The needs in the product packaging directions are all principle demands, a temporary safety procedures. These demands are not details technical indications, lack of examination verification, lack of accreditation by authoritative firms.


3.6 Absence of efficient fire battling methods

The performance of the lithium battery interior fire retardant products and also external packaging products need to be more verified. Research study shows that after 5min of thermal runaway of the lithium battery on the bus, the fire will certainly spread to the interior of the bus; and the time for all workers to leave has to do with 1min. It is consequently suggested that 5min be made use of as the refractory time of the lithium battery on the bus. If under road transportation problems, 5min is sufficient for roadway transport emergency situation emptying, however is far from sufficient for aquatic, rail and air transport. The technique of extinguishing lithium batteries has not yet been identified. Neither huge quantities of water nor gaseous extinguishing representatives are conveniently offered in a short period of time during transport. The warm, smoke, and also hazardous gases generated by lithium battery combustion can swiftly cause loss of life and also damages to equipment.


<h2>Verdict</h2>


China's lithium battery industry is booming, the mass transportation of lithium batteries is also vital. As a result of the high specific power, thick buildup, huge volume, top quality, high consistency as well as high voltage characteristics of lithium batteries, the transport security of lithium batteries is additionally different from customer lithium ion batteries.


Currently, the intrinsic security of lithium battery transportation has actually not yet been resolved, the combustion device and also threats are not well comprehended, the transport examination system is not complete, the transport safety and security assessment capability is doing not have, the threat prevention and also control steps want, as well as the lack of reliable fire fighting approaches and also various other concerns. To solve these problems, we need the cooperation in between the governmental divisions and ventures, the close cooperation between the production market and also the transportation market, and the innovation of multi-faceted research.


A reasonable solution to the safety of lithium batteries to satisfy the transportation requires, the complying with components should be considered:


Safety and security is relative. All tools have dangers, and can create problems in special environments.


The safety and security issues of lithium battery transportation must be resolved in transportation technique by consistently exposing troubles as well as looking for ideal remedies.


Security is a danger administration problem. Different modes of transport have various appropriate limitations.


There are lots of steps to alleviate the risk, as well as suitable measures are available, such as minimized charge, special product packaging, reliable seclusion, as well as quantity limitations. Safety and security is carefully relevant to the effectiveness or performance of lithium batteries. The lithium battery market has actually created quickly over the last few years, including brand-new systems, higher particular power and also new structures. For designers, greater specific energy can not be sought unilaterally. People are regularly trying to find smaller, higher power lithium batteries, will certainly likewise cause an increased likelihood of power runaway risk, resulting in extra major hazards. Safety throughout the whole life cycle of lithium batteries.


The safety of lithium batteries are entailed in the layout, manufacturing, storage space, transport, sales, use and also recycling of links, and also influence each other. Transport safety should also be thought about at the center of product layout.


All celebrations involved are accountable for safety and security. The danger of lithium batteries must be purely regulated as well as the required precautions need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the whole procedure from production, sale, transportation, usage and also recycling, which should be shared by all parties entailed.

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