Notes

Co-dominance shows three different phenotypes, shows all genotypes in one (both)
red, white, roan
RR, rr, Rr
Incomplete Dominance is when a heterozygous combines the two alleles to produce an intermediate phenotype, makes entirely new genotype for one (blend)
Red, White, Pink
RR, rr, Rr
Multiple Alleles are non-mendelian traits like the ones above. Many genotypes for one trait.

Blood Type O
Genotype: ii
Can donate blood to: A, B, AB, O (anyone)
Can receive blood from: O
Blood Type AB
Genotypes: IaIb (heterozygous)
Can donate blood to: AB
Can receive blood from: all (universal recipient)
Blood Type A
Genotypes: IaIa (homo) Iai (no homo)
Donate blood to: A, AB
Receive blood from: O, A
Blood Type B
Genotypes: IbIb (homo) Ibi (no homo)
Can donate blood to: B, AB
Can receive blood from: B, O

A pedigree shows us how traits are passed by inferring the genotypes of family members from looking at the patterns of phenotypes
Males are represented by squares and cannot be carriers of a x-linked trait (are either affected or not)
Females are represented by circles and can be carriers as long as their genotypes are heterozygous
To find if reccessive, skips a generation if not, unaffected parents create affected child. Neither of these then it is dominant.
Autosomal Dominant: Traits don't skip generations and male to male transmission. This is represented by homozygous dominant or heterozygous genotypes
Autosomal Recessive: Trait skips generations, same amount of boys+girls, male to male, males and females are carriers. represented by homozygous recessive genotype
X-linked Dominant: all daughters of affected male also have the trait, no male to male transmission
X-linked recessive: if male has the trait then all daughters will be carriers, no male to male, more boys than girls, females are the only carriers, and females will have both XX with recessive and both parents must have the trait.

Karyotypes are pictures that display the chromosomes in pairs
Sex chromosomes determine the individual's gender and are chromosome 23. A normal person has 2 sex chromosomes. Fathers determine the sex of children because they can cause it to be boy with Y chromosome
Autosomes are chromosomes that are the same in both genders and are pairs 1-22 chromosomes
Sex linked traits are carried on the X chromosome
Nondisjunction- chromosomes that don't separate properly during meiosis
Monosomy- type of nondisjunction where only one homologous chromosome is present
Trisomy- type of nondisjunction where three copies of a homologous chromosome are present
Down Syndrome- nondisjunction at chromosome 21 resulting in 3 #21 chromosomes (trisomy)
Klinefelter Syndrome- nondisjunction at chromosome 23 resulting in trisomy at chromosome 23 with XXY
Turner Syndrome- nondisjunction at chromosome 23 resulting in monosomy at chromosome 23 with just X