Notes

1. be able to explain the events of mitosis and cytokinesis in plants and animals.
2. be able to describe the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes. define the following terms: chromatin chromatid centromere telomere haploid diploid and homologous
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---Chromatin: Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA.
---Chromatid: A chromatid is one copy of a newly copied chromosome which is still joined to the other copy by a single centromere.
---Centromere: The centromere is the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids or a dyad.
---Telomere: A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.
---Haploid: having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
---Diploid: containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
---Homologous: pairing at meiosis and having the same structural features and pattern of genes.
3. be able to compare mitosis and meiosis.
███████Meiosis███████████████████████████████████
Type of Reproduction: Sexual
-Occurs in: Humans, animals, plants, fungi.
-Genetically: Different
-Crossing Over: Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur.
-Definition: A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes, producing two haploid cells.
-Pairing of Homologs: Yes
-Function:Genetic diversity through sexual reproduction.
-Number of Divisions:2
-Number of Daughter Cells produced: 4 haploid cells
-Chromosome Number: reduced by half
-Steps: (Meiosis 1) Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I; (Meiosis 2) Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II.
-Karyokinesis: Occurs in Interphase 1
-Cytokinesis: Occurs in telophase 1 and telophase 2
-Centromeres Split: The centromeres do not separate during anaphase 1 but during anaphase 2
-Creates: Sex cells only: female egg cells or male sperm cells.
███████Mitosis██████████████████████████████
-Type of Reproduction: Asexual
-Occurs in: all organisms
-Genetically: Identical
-Crossing Over: No, crossing over cannot occur
-Definition: A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in each resulting diploid cell.
-Pairing of Homologs: no
-Function:Cellular reproduction and general growth and repair of the body.
-Number of Divisions:1
-Number of Daughter Cells produced: 2 diploid cells
-Chromosome Number: remains the same
-Steps: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
-Karyokinesis: Occurs in Interphase.
-Cytokinesis: Occurs in Telophase.
-Centromeres Split: The centromeres split during anaphase.
-Creates: Makes everything other than sex cells.
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4. Understand the process of crossing over, including when it occurs and why it is important
5. Be bale to explain the role of meiosis in the life cycle of plants and animals.
7. be able to do genetics problems including monhybrid and dihybrid crosses involving simple dominanace, incomplete dominance, codomicance, and sex-linked traits.
8. be bale to define inversion, translocation, deletion, duplication, polyploidy, aneuploidy, nondisjunction.
Aneuploidy – extra or missing chromosomes in each cell
Polyploidy – extra sets of chromosomes
Nondisjunction = the failure of chromosomes to properly separate
9. Define the following terms: cancer, tumor, malignant, metastasis, oncogene, benign, tumor-suppressor gene, apoptosis, carinogin
-cancer: uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body.
-tumor: abnormal swelling, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant.
-Malignant: very infectious.
-metastasis:the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
-oncogene: when a cell turns into a tumor cell
-benign: not harmful
-tumor-suppressor gene: A tumor suppressor gene, or !█antioncogene█!, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer.
-carcinogen: a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.
apoptosis:the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.
10. be able to compare the properties of normal cells and cancer cells.
11. Know the four major categories of cancers.
-. Leukemia – cancer of blood cells
-. Lymphoma – cancer of lymph cells
-. Sarcoma – cancer of muscle, connective tissues
-. Carcinoma – cancer of epithelial cells
12. know ways to reduce the risk of developing cancer.